The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements from porcine enterovirus 8 and simian virus 2, two members of a proposed new genus within the family Picornaviridae, were characterized. These IRES elements, in common with the porcine teschovirus 1 IRES, were found to be related functionally and structurally to the IRES element from Hepatitis C virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. Partial secondary structure predictions were derived and functional assays demonstrated that these IRES elements continued to be active when eIF4G was cleaved and when the activity of eIF4A was blocked.
AliI. K.,
McKendrickL.,
MorleyS. J.,
JacksonR. J.2001a; Activity of the hepatitis A virus IRES requires association between the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eIF4E) and eIF4G. J Virol 75:7854–7863[CrossRef]
AliI. K.,
McKendrickL.,
MorleyS. J.,
JacksonR. J.2001b; Truncated initiation factor eIF4G lacking an eIF4E binding site can support capped mRNA translation. EMBO J 20:4233–4242[CrossRef]
BelshamG. J.,
JacksonR. J.2000; Translation initiation on picornavirus RNA. In Translational Control of Gene Expression , monograph39 pp 869–900 Edited by
SonenbergN.,
HersheyJ. W. B.,
MathewsM. B.
Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
BormanA. M.,
KeanK. M.1997; Intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4G is required for hepatitis A virus internal initiation of translation. Virology 237:129–136[CrossRef]
ChardL. S.,
KakuY.,
JonesB.,
NayakA.,
BelshamG. J.2006; Functional analyses of RNA structures shared between the internal ribosome entry sites of hepatitis C virus and a picornavirus, porcine teschovirus-1 talfan. J Virol 80:1271–1279[CrossRef]
FletcherS. P.,
JacksonR. J.2002; Pestivirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure and function: elements in the 5′ untranslated region important for IRES function. J Virol 76:5024–5033[CrossRef]
FletcherS. P.,
AliI. K.,
KaminskiA.,
DigardP.,
JacksonR. J.2002; The influence of viral coding sequences on pestivirus IRES activity reveals further parallels with translation initiation in prokaryotes. RNA 8:1558–1571
FuerstT. R.,
NilesE. G.,
StudierF. W.,
MossB.1986; Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:8122–8126[CrossRef]
HondaM.,
BrownE. A.,
LemonS. M.1996; Stability of a stem–loop involving the initiator AUG controls the efficiency of internal initiation of translation on hepatitis C virus RNA. RNA 2:955–968
KakuY.,
ChardL. S.,
InoueT.,
BelshamG. J.2002; Unique characteristics of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site from the porcine teschovirus-1 Talfan. J Virol 76:11721–11728[CrossRef]
KrumbholzA.,
DauberM.,
HenkeA.,
Birch-HirschfeldE.,
KnowlesN. J.,
StelznerA.,
ZellR.2002; Sequencing of porcine enterovirus groups II and III reveals unique features of both virus groups. J Virol 76:5813–5821[CrossRef]
LukavskyP. J.,
OttoG. A.,
LancasterA. M.,
SarnowP.,
PuglisiJ. D.2000; Structures of two RNA domains essential for hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site function. Nat Struct Biol 7:1105–1110[CrossRef]
ObersteM. S.,
MaherK.,
PallanschM. A.2003; Genomic evidence that simian virus 2 and six other simian picornaviruses represent a new genus in Picornaviridae
. Virology 314:283–293[CrossRef]
PauseA.,
MéthotN.,
SvitkinY.,
MerrickW. C.,
SonenbergN.1994; Dominant negative mutants of mammalian translation initiation factor eIF-4A define a critical role for eIF-4F in cap-dependent and cap-independent initiation of translation. EMBO J 13:1205–1215
PestovaT. V.,
ShatskyI. N.,
FletcherS. P.,
JacksonR. J.,
HellenC. U. T.1998; A prokaryotic-like mode of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome binding to the initiation codon during internal translation initiation of hepatitis C and classical swine fever virus RNAs. Genes Dev 12:67–83[CrossRef]
PisarevA. V.,
ChardL. S.,
KakuY.,
JohnsH. L.,
ShatskyI. N.,
BelshamG. J.2004; Functional and structural similarities between the internal ribosome entry sites of hepatitis C virus and porcine teschovirus, a picornavirus. J Virol 78:4487–4497[CrossRef]
ReynoldsJ. E.,
KaminskiA.,
KettinenH. J.,
GraceK.,
ClarkeB. E.,
CarrollA. R.,
RowlandsD. J.,
JacksonR. J.1995; Unique features of internal initiation of hepatitis C virus RNA translation. EMBO J 14:6010–6020
RijnbrandR.,
BredenbeekP. J.,
HassnootP. C.,
KieftJ. S.,
SpaanW. J. M.,
LemonS. M.2001; The influence of downstream protein-coding sequence on internal ribosome entry on hepatitis C virus and other flavivirus RNAs. RNA 7:585–597[CrossRef]
RobertsL. O.,
SeamonsR. A.,
BelshamG. J.1998; Recognition of picornavirus internal ribosome entry sites within cells: influence of cellular and viral proteins. RNA 4:520–529[CrossRef]
SakodaY.,
Ross-SmithN. Inoue T.,
BelshamG. J.2001; An attenuating mutation in the 2A protease of swine vesicular disease virus, a picornavirus, regulates cap- and internal ribosome entry site-dependent protein synthesis. J Virol 75:10643–10650[CrossRef]
SvitkinY. V.,
PauseA.,
HaghighatA.,
PyronnetS.,
WitherellG.,
BelshamG. J.,
SonenbergN.2001; The requirement for eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) in translation is in direct proportion to the degree of mRNA 5′ secondary structure. RNA 7:382–394[CrossRef]
van der VeldenA.,
KaminskiA.,
JacksonR. J.,
BelshamG. J.1995; Defective point mutants of the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site can be complemented in trans
. Virology 214:82–90[CrossRef]
WangC.,
LeS. Y.,
AliN.,
SiddiquiA.1995; An RNA pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis C virus 5′ noncoding region. RNA 1:526–537