RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Liu, Wangta A1 Hsu, Chi-Hsin A1 Hong, Yi-Ren A1 Wu, Shu-Chuan A1 Wang, Chun-Hsiung A1 Wu, Yi-Min A1 Chao, Chia-Ben A1 Lin, Chan-ShingYR 2005 T1 Early endocytosis pathways in SSN-1 cells infected by dragon grouper nervous necrosis virus JF Journal of General Virology, VO 86 IS 9 SP 2553 OP 2561 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81021-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1465-2099, AB Many fish undergo betanodavirus infection. To study the infection process of dragon grouper nervous necrosis virus (DGNNV), native virus and virus-like particles (VLPs) were used to analyse the binding and internalization in SSN-1 cells. The binding of DGNNV and VLPs to SSN-1 cells was demonstrated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. As estimated by indirect ELISA, the DGNNV particles bound SSN-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner up to 8×104 particles per cell. The binding of VLPs was sensitive to neuraminidase and tunicamycin, suggesting that cell-surface sialic acid is involved in binding. The penetration of DGNNV into cells, which was monitored by electron microscopy, appeared to occur mainly via the spherical pit and membrane ruffling pathways. Occasionally, a spherical pit was engulfed by membrane ruffling so as to form a large figure-of-eight-shaped vesicle with an open connection. Our observations suggest that DGNNV utilizes both micro- and macropinocytosis pathways to enter SSN-1 cells., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81021-0