Multiply primed rolling-circle amplification is a novel technology that uses bacteriophage phi29 DNA polymerase to amplify circular DNA molecules, without the need for prior knowledge of their sequences. In an attempt to detect Torque teno virus (TTV), rolling-circle amplification was used to amplify DNA extracted from eight human and four pig serum samples. All samples gave high molecular weight (>30 kb) amplification products. By restriction endonuclease digestion, these products generated DNA fragments whose sizes were consistent with those of human TTV (3·8 kb) and swine TTV (Sd-TTV; 2·9 kb) genomes. Two TTV isolates derived from a single AIDS patient, as well as two Sd-TTV isolates derived from a single pig, were characterized by complete nucleotide sequencing. One of the Sd-TTV isolates showed very low (43–45 %) nucleotide sequence similarity to the other Sd-TTV isolate and to the prototype isolate Sd-TTV31, and could be considered the prototype of a novel genogroup.
BiaginiP.,
ToddD.,
BendinelliM.8 other authors2005; Anellovirus. In Virus Taxonomy. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp 335–341 Edited by
FauquetC. M.,
MayoM. A.,
ManiloffJ.,
DesselbergerU.,
BallL. A.
London: Academic Press;
ChristensenJ. K.,
Eugen-OlsenJ.,
SorensenM.,
UllumH.,
GjeddeS. B.,
PedersenB. K.,
NielsenJ. O.,
KrogsgaardK.2000; Prevalence and prognostic significance of infection with TT virus in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 181:1796–1799[CrossRef]
DeanF. B.,
NelsonJ. R.,
GieslerT. L.,
LaskenR. S.2001; Rapid amplification of plasmid and phage DNA using Phi 29 DNA polymerase and multiply-primed rolling circle amplification. Genome Res 11:1095–1099[CrossRef]
DevalleS.,
NielC.2004; Distribution of TT virus genomic groups 1–5 in Brazilian blood donors, HBV carriers, and HIV-1-infected patients. J Med Virol 72:166–173[CrossRef]
EstebanJ. A.,
SalasM.,
BlancoL.1993; Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA polymerization. J Biol Chem 268:2719–2726
Inoue-NagataA. K.,
AlbuquerqueL. C.,
RochaW. B.,
NagataT.2004; A simple method for cloning the complete begomovirus genome using the bacteriophage π 29 DNA polymerase. J Virol Methods 116:209–211[CrossRef]
JelcicI.,
Hotz-WagenblattA.,
HunzikerA.,
zur HausenH.,
de VilliersE. M.2004; Isolation of multiple TT virus genotypes from spleen biopsy tissue from a Hodgkin's disease patient: genome reorganization and diversity in the hypervariable region. J Virol 78:7498–7507[CrossRef]
LearyT. P.,
ErkerJ. C.,
ChalmersM. L.,
DesaiS. M.,
MushahwarI. K.1999; Improved detection systems for TT virus reveal high prevalence in humans, non-human primates and farm animals. J Gen Virol 80:2115–2120
McKeownN. E.,
FenauxM.,
HalburP. G.,
MengX. J.2004; Molecular characterization of porcine TT virus, an orphan virus, in pigs from six different countries. Vet Microbiol 104:113–117[CrossRef]
MiyataH.,
TsunodaH.,
KaziA.,
YamadaA.,
KhanM. A.,
MurakamiJ.,
KamahoraT.,
ShirakiK.,
HinoS.1999; Identification of a novel GC-rich 113-nucleotide region to complete the circular, single-stranded DNA genome of TT virus, the first human circovirus. J Virol 73:3582–3586
MushahwarI. K.,
ErkerJ. C.,
MuerhoffA. S.,
LearyT. P.,
SimonsJ. N.,
BirkenmeyerL. G.,
ChalmersM. L.,
Pilot-MatiasT. J.,
DexaiS. M.1999; Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:3177–3182[CrossRef]
NielC.,
MoraesM. T.,
GasparA. M.,
YoshidaC. F.,
GomesS. A.1994; Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains isolated in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. J Med Virol 44:180–186[CrossRef]
NielC.,
de OliveiraJ. M.,
RossR. S.,
GomesS. A.,
RoggendorfM.,
ViazovS.1999; High prevalence of TT virus infection in Brazilian blood donors. J Med Virol 57:259–263[CrossRef]
NielC.,
SabackF. L.,
LampeE.2000; Coinfection with multiple TT virus strains belonging to different genotypes is a common event in healthy Brazilian adults. J Clin Microbiol 38:1926–1930
NishizawaT.,
OkamotoH.,
KonishiK.,
YoshizawaH.,
MiyakawaY.,
MayumiM.1997; A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:92–97[CrossRef]
OkamotoH.,
NishizawaT.,
TawaraA.,
PengY.,
KishimotoJ.,
WangY.2001; Genomic and evolutionary characterization of TT virus (TTV) in tupaias and comparison with species-specific TTVs in humans and non-human primates. J Gen Virol 82:2041–2050
OkamotoH.,
TakahashiM.,
NishizawaT.,
TawaraA.,
FukaiK.,
MuramatsuU.,
NaitoY.,
YoshikawaA.2002; Genomic characterization of TT viruses (TTVs) in pigs, cats and dogs and their relatedness with species-specific TTVs in primates and tupaias. J Gen Virol 83:1291–1297
PengY. H.,
NishizawaT.,
TakahashiM.,
IshikawaT.,
YoshikawaA.,
OkamotoH.2002; Analysis of the entire genomes of thirteen TT virus variants classifiable into the fourth and fifth genetic groups, isolated from viremic infants. Arch Virol 147:21–41[CrossRef]
RectorA.,
TachezyR.,
van RanstM.2004; A sequence-independent strategy for detection and cloning of circular DNA virus genomes by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification. J Virol 78:4993–4998[CrossRef]
ShibayamaT.,
MasudaG.,
AjisawaA.,
TakahashiM.,
NishizawaT.,
TsudaF.,
OkamotoH.2001; Inverse relationship between the titre of TT virus DNA and the CD4 cell count in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 15:563–570[CrossRef]
TakahashiK.,
HoshinoH.,
OhtaY.,
YoshidaN.,
MishiroS.1998; Very high prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in general population of Japan revealed by a new set of PCR primers. Hepatol Res 12:233–239[CrossRef]
TakayamaS.,
YamazakiS.,
MatsuoS.,
SugiiS.1999; Multiple infection of TT virus (TTV) with different genotypes in Japanese hemophiliacs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 256:208–211[CrossRef]
VerschoorE. J.,
LangenhuijzenS.,
HeeneyJ. L.1999; TT viruses (TTV) of non-human primates and their relationship to the human TTV genotypes. J Gen Virol 80:2491–2499