1887

Journal of General Virology

Volume 85, Issue 7

Feline immunodeficiency virus subtypes A, B and C and intersubtype recombinants in Ontario, Canada Free

Abstract

Knowledge of the geographical distribution of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) subtypes is important for understanding different disease courses and for vaccine design. Intersubtype recombination may develop in areas where more than one subtype is prevalent and has the potential to create new transmittable variants with novel pathogenic properties. In this study, 40 FIV-positive DNA samples were classified by sequence analysis of the LTR– region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 32 Canadian FIV isolates clustered with previously identified subtypes A, B and C and that subtype A was most frequent in Ontario. Four strains with inconsistent clade assignment were further analysed by sequencing of the –LTR regions. Comparisons of phylogenetic trees constructed from the two different regions of the genome and analysis of similarities to reference sequences yielded classification of three samples as A/B and one as A/C intersubtype recombinants. Although the A/B recombinant samples were obtained from unrelated cats in geographically disparate regions, a common breakpoint was consistently identified within . In addition, there was no evidence of co-infection with parental strains of subtypes A and B as indicated by PCR-based limiting dilution assays, although these assays allowed for the identification of two different recombinant viruses co-existing in one sample. Both sequences contained the same breakpoint. These findings suggested that a new circulating recombinant FIV may be enzootic in Ontario.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
SGM
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0
2004-07-01
2021-03-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/85/7/vir851843.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bachmann M. H., Mathiason-Dubard C., Learn G. H., Rodrigo A. G., Sodora D. L., Mazzetti P., Hoover E. A., Mullins J. I. 1997; Genetic diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus: dual infection, recombination, and distinct evolutionary rates among envelope sequence clades. J Virol 71:4241–4253
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bendinelli M., Pistello M., Lombardi S., Poli A., Garzelli C., Matteucci D., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Malvaldi G., Tozzini F. 1995; Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:87–112
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Blackard J. T., Cohen D. E., Mayer K. H. 2002; Human immunodeficiency virus superinfection and recombination: current state of knowledge and potential clinical consequences. Clin Infect Dis 34:1108–1114 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Felsenstein J. 1993 phylip (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6a2. Distributed by the author Department of Genetics, University of Washington; Seattle:
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Gao F., Robertson D. L., Carruthers C. D. 10 other authors 1998; A comprehensive panel of near-full-length clones and reference sequences for non-subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 72:5680–5698
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Goff S. P. 2001; Retroviridae: the retroviruses and their replication. In Fields Virology , 4th edn. vol 2 pp  1871–1939 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Gomez Carrillo M., Avila M., Hierholzer J., Pando M., Martinez P. L., McCutchan F. E., Carr J. K. 2002; Mother-to-child HIV type 1 transmission in Argentina: BF recombinants have predominated in infected children since the mid-1980s. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 18:477–483 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Hall B. G. 2001 Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy: a How-To Manual for Molecular Biologists , 1st edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates;
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Hohdatsu T., Hirabayashi H., Motokawa K., Koyama H. 1996; Comparative study of the cell tropism of feline immunodeficiency virus isolates of subtypes A, B and D classified on the basis of the env gene V3–V5 sequence. J Gen Virol 77:93–100 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Hohdatsu T., Motokawa K., Usami M., Amioka M., Okada S., Koyama H. 1998; Genetic subtyping and epidemiological study of feline immunodeficiency virus by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the gag gene. J Virol Methods 70:107–111 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Ishida T., Washizu T., Toriyabe K., Motoyoshi S., Tomoda I., Pedersen N. C. 1989; Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Japan. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:221–225
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Johnson C. M., Torres B. A., Koyama H., Yamamoto J. K. 1994; Tenth anniversary perspectives on AIDS. FIV as a model for AIDS vaccination. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 10:225–228 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Jost S., Bernard M. C., Kaiser L., Yerly S., Hirschel B., Samri A., Autran B., Goh L. E., Perrin L. 2002; A patient with HIV-1 superinfection. N Engl J Med 347:731–736 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Kakinuma S., Motokawa K., Hohdatsu T., Yamamoto J. K., Koyama H., Hashimoto H. 1995; Nucleotide sequence of feline immunodeficiency virus: classification of Japanese isolates into two subtypes which are distinct from non-Japanese subtypes. J Virol 69:3639–3646
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Kiyomasu T., Miyazawa T., Furuya T. 8 other authors 1991; Identification of feline immunodeficiency virus rev gene activity. J Virol 65:4539–4542
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Kurosawa K., Ikeda Y., Miyazawa T. 7 other authors 1999; Development of restriction fragment-length polymorphism method to differentiate five subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus. Microbiol Immunol 43:817–820 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Kyaw-Tanner M. T., Greene W. K., Park H. S., Robinson W. F. 1994; The induction of in vivo superinfection and recombination using feline immunodeficiency virus as the model. Arch Virol 138:261–271 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Liu S. L., Mittler J. E., Nickle D. C. 7 other authors 2002; Selection for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinants in a patient with rapid progression to AIDS. J Virol 76:10674–10684 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Lole K. S., Bollinger R. C., Paranjape R. S., Gadkari D., Kulkarni S. S., Novak N. G., Ingersoll R., Sheppard H. W., Ray S. C. 1999; Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 73:152–160
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Nishimura Y., Goto Y., Pang H., Endo Y., Mizuno T., Momoi Y., Watari T., Tsujimoto H., Hasegawa A. 1998; Genetic heterogeneity of env gene of feline immunodeficiency virus obtained from multiple districts in Japan. Virus Res 57:101–112 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Okada S., Pu R., Young E., Stoffs W. V., Yamamoto J. K. 1994; Superinfection of cats with feline immunodeficiency virus subtypes A and B. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 10:1739–1746 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Olmsted R. A., Barnes A. K., Yamamoto J. K., Hirsch V. M., Purcell R. H., Johnson P. R. 1989a; Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:2448–2452 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Olmsted R. A., Hirsch V. M., Purcell R. H., Johnson P. R. 1989b; Nucleotide sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus: genome organization and relationship to other lentiviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:8088–8092 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Osmanov S., Pattou C., Walker N., Schwardlander B., Esparza J. 2002; Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29:184–190 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Page R. D. 1996; treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12:357–358
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Papa A., Papadimitriou E., Papoutsi A., Kiosses V., Antoniadis A. 2002; HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in Northern Greece. Virus Res 85:85–93 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Pecoraro M. R., Tomonaga K., Miyazawa T., Kawaguchi Y., Sugita S., Tohya Y., Kai C., Etcheverrigaray M. E., Mikami T. 1996; Genetic diversity of Argentine isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 77:2031–2035 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Pedersen N. C., Ho E. W., Brown M. L., Yamamoto J. K. 1987; Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. Science 235:790–793 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Pedersen N. C., Yamamoto J. K., Ishida T., Hansen H. 1989; Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 21:111–129 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Peliska J. A., Benkovic S. J. 1992; Mechanism of DNA strand transfer reactions catalyzed by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science 258:1112–1118 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Phillips T. R., Talbott R. L., Lamont C., Muir S., Lovelace K., Elder J. H. 1990; Comparison of two host cell range variants of feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 64:4605–4613
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Pistello M., Cammarota G., Nicoletti E., Matteucci D., Curcio M., Del Mauro D., Bendinelli M. 1997; Analysis of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Italian isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus indicates a high prevalence and heterogeneity of subtype B. J Gen Virol 78:2247–2257
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Pistello M., Matteucci D., Cammarota G., Mazzetti P., Giannecchini S., Del Mauro D., Macchi S., Zaccaro L., Bendinelli M. 1999; Kinetics of replication of a partially attenuated virus and of the challenge virus during a three-year intersubtype feline immunodeficiency virus superinfection experiment in cats. J Virol 73:1518–1527
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Posada D., Crandall K. A. 1998; modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Robertson D. L., Hahn B. H., Sharp P. M. 1995; Recombination in AIDS viruses. J Mol Evol 40:249–259 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Robertson D. L., Anderson J. P., Bradac J. A. 17 other authors 2000; HIV-1 nomenclature proposal. Science 288:55–56
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Rodrigo A. G., Goracke P. C., Rowhanian K., Mullins J. I. 1997; Quantitation of target molecules from polymerase chain reaction-based limiting dilution assays. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 13:737–742 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Siebelink K. H., Chu I. H., Rimmelzwaan G. F., Weijer K., Osterhaus A. D., Bosch M. L. 1992; Isolation and partial characterization of infectious molecular clones of feline immunodeficiency virus obtained directly from bone marrow DNA of a naturally infected cat. J Virol 66:1091–1097
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Siepel A. C., Halpern A. L., Macken C., Korber B. T. 1995; A computer program designed to screen rapidly for HIV type 1 intersubtype recombinant sequences. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 11:1413–1416 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Smith J. M. 1992; Analyzing the mosaic structure of genes. J Mol Evol 34:126–129
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Sodora D. L., Shpaer E. G., Kitchell B. E., Dow S. W., Hoover E. A., Mullins J. I. 1994; Identification of three feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) env gene subtypes and comparison of the FIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolutionary patterns. J Virol 68:2230–2238
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Sparkes A. H., Hopper C. D., Millard W. G., Gruffydd-Jones T. J., Harbour D. A. 1993; Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinicopathologic findings in 90 naturally occurring cases. J Vet Intern Med 7:85–90 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Swofford D. L. 2002 paup*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), version 4 Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates;
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Talbott R. L., Sparger E. E., Lovelace K. M., Fitch W. M., Pedersen N. C., Luciw P. A., Elder J. H. 1989; Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:5743–5747 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Thompson J. D., Gibson T. J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., Higgins D. G. 1997; The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Thomson M. M., Perez-Alvarez L., Najera R. 2002; Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 genetic forms and its significance for vaccine development and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis 2:461–471 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Vergne L., Bourgeois A., Mpoudi-Ngole E. 8 other authors 2003; Biological and genetic characteristics of HIV infections in Cameroon reveals dual group M and O infections and a correlation between SI-inducing phenotype of the predominant CRF02_AG variant and disease stage. Virology 310:254–266 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Worobey M., Holmes E. C. 1999; Evolutionary aspects of recombination in RNA viruses. J Gen Virol 80:2535–2543
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Yamamoto J. K., Hansen H., Ho E. W., Morishita T. Y., Okuda T., Sawa T. R., Nakamura R. M., Pedersen N. C. 1989; Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats from the continental United States and Canada and possible mode of transmission. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:213–220
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Zhang J., Temin H. M. 1993; Rate and mechanism of nonhomologous recombination during a single cycle of retroviral replication. Science 259:234–238 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Zhuang J., Jetzt A. E., Sun G., Yu H., Klarmann G., Ron Y., Preston B. D., Dougherty J. P. 2002; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombination: rate, fidelity, and putative hot spots. J Virol 76:11273–11282 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0
Loading
Feline immunodeficiency virus subtypes A, B and C and intersubtype recombinants in Ontario, Canada
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 1843 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19743-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited this month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error