Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common mosquito-borne encephalitis in the Asia–Pacific region. Patients with JE usually present neuronal involvement, but other organ involvement is relatively rare. Employing human neuroblast-derived (NB) cell lines and different blood cells (erythrocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes), the neurotropism and persistency of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in human cells was investigated. It was found that JEV could not replicate in erythrocytes, granulocytes or lymphocytes. Monocytes and NB cell lines could support replication of JEV as demonstrated by expression of viral NS3 antigen and virus plaque-forming units (p.f.u.). JEV could replicate more efficiently in neuroblastoma (HTB-11) cells than in monocytes after infection for 48 h (2·1±1·2×107 vs 2·8±0·7×102 p.f.u. ml−1). Two different strains of JEV revealed a similar infectivity to different leukocytes and four NB cell lines. In a kinetic study, it was found that JEV-infected monocytes possessed a high viability (90 %) after infection for 5 days, while JEV-infected neuroblastoma cells suffered cell apoptosis in 2 days and decreased viability to less than 1 % in 5 days. Further studies showed that monocytes could take up JEV rapidly, displaying a log scale increase of intracellular JEV titres in 9 h after infection. Significantly, extracellular production of JEV by monocytes started in 12 h, peaked in 3 days and persisted for more than 3 weeks. These results suggest that JEV-infected monocytes may play an important role in harbouring JEV for eventual transmission to NB cells and that modulation of JEV-induced NB cell apoptosis may be useful in treating patients with JE.
ChenR. F.,
YehW. T.,
YangM. Y.,
YangK. D.2001; A model of the real-time correlation of viral titers with immune reactions in antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue-2 infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 30:1–7
CrossJ. H.,
LienJ. C.,
HuangW. C.,
LienS. C.,
ChiuS. F.,
KuoJ.,
ChuH. H.,
ChangY. C.1971; Japanese encephalitis virus surveillance in Taiwan. II. Isolations from mosquitoes and bats in Taipei area 1969–1970. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 70:681–686
GrossmanR. A.,
EdelmanR.,
GouldD. J.1974; Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmia Valley, Thailand. VI. Summary and conclusion. Am J Epidemiol 100:69–76
HalsteadS. B.1992; Arboviruses of the Pacific and Southern Asia. In Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases pp 1468–1475 Edited by
FeiginR. D.,
CherryJ. D.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders;
HammonW. M.,
TigerttW. D.,
SatherG. E.,
BergeT. O.,
MeiklejohnG.1958b; Epidemiologic studies of concurrent virgin epidemics of Japanese B encephalitis and mumps on Guam, 1947–1948, with subsequent observations including dengue, through 1957. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7:441–467
HaseT.,
DuboisD. R.,
SummersP. L.1990a; Comparative study of mouse brains infected with Japanese encephalitis virus by intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation. Int J Exp Pathol 71:857–869
Kimura-KurodaJ.,
IchikawaM.,
OgataA.,
NagashimaK.,
YasuiK.1993; Specific tropism of Japanese encephalitis virus for developing neurons in primary rat brain culture. Arch Virol 130:477–484
LeakeC. J.,
BurkeD. S.,
NisalakA.,
HokeC. H.1986; Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from clinical specimens using a continuous mosquito cell line. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35:1045–1050
MaS. H.,
LinY. L.,
HuangY. Y.,
LiuC. I.,
ChenS. S.,
ChiangH. Y.,
ChenL. K.1995; Generation and characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus specific monoclonal antibodies. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 28:128–138
MabbottN. A.,
SutherlandI. A.,
SternbergJ. M.1995; Suppressor macrophages in Trypanosoma brucei infection: nitric oxide is related to both suppressive activity and lifespan in vivo. Parasite Immunol 17:143–150
MathurA.,
KhannaN.,
ChaturvediU. C.1992; Breakdown of blood-brain barrier by virus-induced cytokine during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Int J Exp Pathol 73:603–611
MorensD. M.,
HalsteadS. B.,
RepikP. M.,
PutvatanaP.,
RaybourneN.1985; Simplified plaque reduction neutralization assay for dengue viruses by semimicro methods in BHK-21 cells: comparison of the BHK suspension test with standard plaque reduction neutralization. J Clin Microbiol 22:250–254
MukherjiA. K.,
BiswasS. K.1976; Histopathological studies of brains (and other viscera) from cases of JE virus encephalitis during 1973 epidemic at Bankura. Indian J Med Res 64:1143–1149
ShaioM. F.,
HwangK. P.,
LeeC. S.,
SuenC. S.,
YangK. D.1994; Influence of dengue virus infection on the uptake and respiratory burst activity of human monocytes. Immunol Infect Dis 4:69–75
SharmaS.,
MathurA.,
PrakashV.,
KulshreshthaR.,
KumarR.,
ChaturvediU. C.1991; Japanese encephalitis virus latency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and recurrence of infection in children. Clin Exp Immunol 85:85–89
WangC. L.,
SuM. H.,
ChaoT. Y.,
ShaioM. F.,
YangK. D.1996; When do human macrophage release nitric oxide? Variable effects of certain in vitro cultural and in vivo resident conditions. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 20:65–70
WebbH. E.,
SmithC. E.1966; Relation of immune response to development of central nervous system lesion in virus infections of man. Br Med J 2:1179–1181
YangK. D.,
AugustineN. H.,
GonzalezL. A.,
BohnsackJ. F.,
HillH. R.1988; Effects of fibronectin on the interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with unopsonized and antibody-opsonized bacteria. J Infect Dis 158:823–830
YangK. D.,
ChengS. N.,
WuN. C.,
ShaioM. F.1993; Induction of interleukin-8 expression in neuroblastoma cells by retinoic acid: implication of leukocyte chemotaxis and activation. Pediatr Res 34:720–724
YangK. D.,
DattaR.,
KharbnadaS. M.,
HubermanE.,
KufeD. W.,
StoneR. M.1994a; All-trans retinoic acid reverses phorbol ester resistance in a human myeloid leukemia cell line. Blood 83:490–496
YangK. D.,
AugustineN. H.,
ShaioM. F.,
BohnsackJ. F.,
HillH. R.1994b; Effects of fibronectin on actin organization and respiratory burst activity in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. J Cell Physiol 158:347–353
YangK. D.,
ChuenH. L.,
ShaioM. F.1995a; Pentoxifylline augments but not antagonizes TNF alpha-mediated neuroblastoma cell differentiation: modulation of calcium mobilization but not cAMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 211:1006–1014
YangK. D.,
LeeC. S.,
HwangK. P.,
ChuM. L.,
ShaioM. F.1995b; A model to study cytokine profiles in primary and heterologously secondary Dengue-2 virus infections. Acta Virol 39:19–22
YangM. Y.,
ChuangH.,
ChenR. F.,
YangK. D.2002; Reversible phosphatidylserine expression on blood granulocytes related to membrane perturbation but not DNA strand breaks. J Leukoc Biol 71:231–237