1887

Abstract

The expression of the genes of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is regulated by self-encoded viral as well as cellular transcription factors. A potential candidate with an ability to influence the transcription of VZV genes is USF (upstream stimulatory factor), which recognizes the consensus E-box motif. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot assays indicate stable expression of both USF1 and USF2 throughout infection. It was also found that USF binds to a variety of E-boxes (consensus and closely related motifs) within the promoters of ORF 8/9 (two elements), ORF 22 and ORF 67. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments and His-tag protein affinity pull-down assays indicate that a direct physical interaction occurs between USF and the major virus transactivator IE62. To study the general effects of USF in the replication of VZV, a cell line expressing a dominant–negative form of USF (A-USF), which inhibits binding of USF to its recognition sites, was created. A significant decrease in virus replication was detected when this cell line was infected with cell-free virus, indicating that USF is an important cellular factor that regulates the transcription of VZV genes.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19335-0
2003-11-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/84/11/vir842957.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19335-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Andrews N. C., Faller D. V. 1991; A rapid micropreparation technique for extraction of DNA-binding proteins from limiting numbers of mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 19:2499
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Angel P., Karin M. 1991; The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1072:129–157
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arvin A. M., Kinney-Thomas E., Shriver K., Grose C., Koropchak C. M., Scranton E., Wittek A. E., Diaz P. S. 1986; Immunity to varicella-zoster viral glycoproteins, gp I (gp 90/58) and gp III (gp 118), and to a nonglycosylated protein, p 170. J Immunol 137:1346–1351
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ayer D. E., Kretzner L., Eisenman R. N. 1993; Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell 72:211–222
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Beckmann H., Su L. K., Kadesch T. 1990; TFE3: a helix–loop–helix protein that activates transcription through the immunoglobulin enhancer muE3 motif. Genes Dev 4:167–179
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Blackwell T. K., Kretzner L., Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N., Weintraub H. 1990; Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250:1149–1151
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N. 1991; Max: a helix–loop–helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science 251:1211–1217
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Boldogh I., AbuBakar S., Albrecht T. 1990; Activation of proto-oncogenes: an immediate early event in human cytomegalovirus infection. Science 247:561–564
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Carr C. S., Sharp P. A. 1990; A helix–loop–helix protein related to the immunoglobulin E box-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 10:4384–4388
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Carthew R. W., Chodosh L. A., Sharp P. A. 1985; An RNA polymerase II transcription factor binds to an upstream element in the adenovirus major late promoter. Cell 43:439–448
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Disney G. H., McKee T. A., Preston C. M., Everett R. D. 1990; The product of varicella-zoster virus gene 62 autoregulates its own promoter. J Gen Virol 71:2999–3003
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Forghani B., Mahalingam R., Vafai A., Hurst J. W., Dupuis K. W. 1990; Monoclonal antibody to immediate early protein encoded by varicella-zoster virus gene 62. Virus Res 16:195–210
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Förster E. 1994; An improved general method to generate internal standards for competitive PCR. Biotechniques 16:18–20
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Halazonetis T. D., Kandil A. N. 1991; Determination of the c-MYC DNA-binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:6162–6166
    [Google Scholar]
  15. He H., Boucaud D., Hay J., Ruyechan W. T. 2001; Cis and trans elements regulating expression of the varicella zoster virus gI gene. Arch Virol Suppl 17:57–70
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Inchauspe G., Ostrove J. M. 1989; Differential regulation by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 trans -activating genes. Virology 173:710–714
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Ito H., Sommer M. H., Zerboni L., He H., Boucaud D., Hay J., Ruyechan W., Arvin A. M. 2003; Promoter sequences of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein I targeted by cellular transactivating factors Sp1 and USF determine virulence in skin and T cells in SCIDhu mice in vivo . J Virol 77:489–498
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Jang K. L., Pulverer B., Woodgett J. R., Latchman D. S. 1991; Activation of the cellular transcription factor AP-1 in herpes simplex virus infected cells is dependent on the viral immediate–early protein ICP0. Nucleic Acids Res 19:4879–4883
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kenyon T. K., Lynch J., Hay J., Ruyechan W. T., Grose C. 2001; Varicella-zoster virus ORF47 protein serine kinase: characterization of a cloned, biologically active phosphotransferase and two viral substrates, ORF62 and ORF63. J Virol 75:8854–8858
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kim J. B., Spiegelman B. M. 1996; ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. Genes Dev 10:1096–1107
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kinchington P. R., Hougland J. K., Arvin A. M., Ruyechan W. T., Hay J. 1992; The varicella-zoster virus immediate–early protein IE62 is a major component of virus particles. J Virol 66:359–366
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kinchington P. R., Vergnes J. P., Defechereux P., Piette J., Turse S. E. 1994; Transcriptional mapping of the varicella-zoster virus regulatory genes encoding open reading frames 4 and 63. J Virol 68:3570–3581
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Krylov D., Mikhailenko I., Vinson C. 1994; A thermodynamic scale for leucine zipper stability and dimerization specificity: E and G interhelical interactions. EMBO J 13:2849–2861
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Krylov D., Kasai K., Echlin D. R., Taparowsky E. J., Arnheiter H., Vinson C. 1997; A general method to design dominant negatives to B-HLHZip proteins that abolish DNA binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:12274–12279
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lania L., Majello B., De Luca P. 1997; Transcriptional regulation by the Sp family proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 29:1313–1323
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Lynch J. Kenyon T. K., Grose C., Hay J., Ruyechan W. T. 2002; Physical and functional interaction between the varicella zoster virus IE62 and IE63 proteins. Virology 302:71–82
    [Google Scholar]
  27. MacGregor D., Li L. H., Ziff E. B. 1996; Dominant negative mutants of Myc inhibit cooperation of both Myc and adenovirus serotype-5 E1a with Ras. J Cell Physiol 167:95–105
    [Google Scholar]
  28. McKee T. A., Disney G. H., Everett R. D., Preston C. M. 1990; Control of expression of the varicella-zoster virus major immediate early gene. J Gen Virol 71:897–906
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Meier J. L., Luo X., Sawadogo M., Straus S. E. 1994; The cellular transcription factor USF cooperates with varicella-zoster virus immediate–early protein 62 to symmetrically activate a bidirectional viral promoter. Mol Cell Biol 14:6896–6906
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Miyamoto N. G., Moncollin V., Egly J. M., Chambon P. 1985; Specific interaction between a transcription factor and the upstream element of the adenovirus-2 major late promoter. EMBO J 4:3563–3570
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Moriuchi M., Moriuchi H., Straus S. E., Cohen J. I. 1994; Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) virion-associated transactivator open reading frame 62 protein enhances the infectivity of VZV DNA. Virology 200:297–300
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Moriuchi H., Moriuchi M., Cohen J. I. 1995; Proteins and cis -acting elements associated with transactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immediate–early gene 62 promoter by VZV open reading frame 10 protein. J Virol 69:4693–4701
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Murre C., McCaw P. S., Baltimore D. 1989; A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and Myc proteins. Cell 56:777–783
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ng T. I., Keenan L., Kinchington P. R., Grose C. 1994; Phosphorylation of varicella-zoster virus open reading frame (ORF) 62 regulatory product by viral ORF 47-associated protein kinase. J Virol 68:1350–1359
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Perera L. P. 2000; The TATA motif specifies the differential activation of minimal promoters by varicella zoster virus immediate–early regulatory protein IE62. J Biol Chem 275:487–496
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Perera L. P., Mosca J. D., Sadeghi-Zadeh M., Ruyechan W. T., Hay J. 1992; The varicella-zoster virus immediate early protein, IE62, can positively regulate its cognate promoter. Virology 191:346–354
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Prendergast G. C., Ziff E. B. 1991; Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251:186–189
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Prendergast G. C., Lawe D., Ziff E. B. 1991; Association of Myn, the murine homolog of Max, with c-Myc stimulates methylation-sensitive DNA binding and Ras cotransformation. Cell 65:395–407
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Qyang Y., Luo X., Lu T., Ismail P. M., Krylov D., Vinson C., Sawadogo M. 1999; Cell-type-dependent activity of the ubiquitous transcription factor USF in cellular proliferation and transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 19:1508–1517
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Rahaus M., Wolff M. H. 1999; Influence of different cellular transcription factors on the regulation of varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins E (gE) and I (gI) UTR's activity. Virus Res 62:77–88
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Rahaus M., Wolff M. H. 2000; Transcription factor Sp1 is involved in the regulation of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E. Virus Res 69:69–81
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Rahaus M., Wolff M. H. 2003; Reciprocal effects of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and Ap1: activation of Jun, Fos and ATF-2 after VZV infection and their importance for the regulation of viral genes. Virus Res 92:9–21
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Rolfs A., Schuller I., Finckh U., Weber-Rolfs I. 1992; Reverse transcription/PCR (RT-PCR). In PCR: Clinical Diagnostics and Research pp  99–102 Edited by Rolfs A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag;
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Ruyechan W. T., Hay J. 2000; DNA replication. In Varicella-Zoster Virus . Virology and Clinical Management pp  51–73 Edited by Arvin A. M., Gershon A. A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ruyechan W. T., Peng H., Yang M., Hay J. 2003; Cellular factors and IE62 activation of VZV promoters. J Med Virol 70 (Suppl. 1):S90–S94
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Sadzot-Delvaux C., Baudoux L., Defechereux P., Piette J., Rentier B. 1999; Overview of the replication cycle of varicella-zoster virus. In Varicella-Zoster Virus: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Aspects pp  21–42 Edited by Wolff M. H., Schünemann S., Schmidt A. Basel: Karger;
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Sawadogo M. 1988; Multiple forms of the human gene-specific transcription factor USF. II. DNA binding properties and transcriptional activity of the purified HeLa USF. J Biol Chem 263:11994–12001
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. 1985; Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region. Cell 43:165–175
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Sawadogo M., Van Dyke M. W., Gregor P. D., Roeder R. G. 1988; Multiple forms of the human gene-specific transcription factor USF. I. Complete purification and identification of USF from HeLa cell nuclei. J Biol Chem 263:11985–11993
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Sirito M., Lin Q., Maity T., Sawadogo M. 1994; Ubiquitous expression of the 43- and 44-kDa forms of transcription factor USF in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 22:427–433
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Spengler M. L., Ruyechan W. T., Hay J. 2000; Physical interaction between two varicella zoster virus gene regulatory proteins, IE4 and IE62. Virology 272:375–381
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Suske G. 1999; The Sp-family of transcription factors. Gene 238:291–300
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tyler J. K., Everett R. D. 1993; The DNA binding domain of the varicella-zoster virus gene 62 protein interacts with multiple sequences which are similar to the binding site of the related protein of herpes simplex virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 21:513–522
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Waterboer T., Rahaus M., Wolff M. H. 2002; Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) mediates a delayed host shutoff independent of open reading frame (ORF) 17 expression. Virus Genes 24:49–56
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Zervos A. S., Gyuris J., Brent R. 1993; Mxi1, a protein that specifically interacts with Max to bind Myc-Max recognition sites. Cell 72:223–232
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19335-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19335-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error