Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon

References

1. Chemello L., Alberti A., Rose K., Simmonds P. 1994; Hepatitis C serotype and response to interferon therapy. N Engl J Med 330:143
   [Google Scholar]
2. Choo Q. L., Richman K. H., Han J. H. 11 other authors 1991; Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:2451–2455
   [Google Scholar]
3. Felsenstein J. 1985; Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791
   [Google Scholar]
4. Frank C., Mohamed M. K., Strickland G. T. 8 other authors 2000; The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355:887–891
   [Google Scholar]
5. Fretz C., Jeannel D., Stuyver L., Hervé V., Lunel F., Boudifa A., Mathiot C., de Thé G., Fournel J. J. 1995; HCV infection in a rural population of the Central African Republic (CAR): evidence for three additional subtypes of genotypes 4. J Med Virol 47:435–437
   [Google Scholar]
6. Hino K., Sainokami S., Shimoda K., Iino S., Wang Y., Okamoto H., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. 1994; Genotypes and titers of hepatitis C virus for predicting response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 42:299–305
   [Google Scholar]
7. Jeannel D., Fretz C., Traore Y. 9 other authors 1998; Evidence for high genetic diversity and long-term endemicity of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa. J Med Virol 55:92–97
   [Google Scholar]
8. Kanai K., Kako M., Okamoto H. 1992; HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C and response to interferon. Lancet 339:1543
   [Google Scholar]
9. Kowo M. P., Goubau P., Ndam E.-C., Njoya O., Sasaki S., Seghers V., Kesteloot H. 1995; Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and other blood-borne viruses in Pygmies and neighbouring Bantus in southern Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:484–486
   [Google Scholar]
10. Louis F. J., Maubert B., Le Hesran J. Y., Kemmegne J., Delaporte E., Louis J. P. 1994; High prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in a Cameroon rural forest area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:53–54
    [Google Scholar]
11. Mellor J., Holmes E. C., Jarvis L. M., Yap P. L., Simmonds P. 1995; Investigation of the pattern of hepatitis C virus sequence diversity in different geographical regions: implications for virus classification. The International HCV Collaborative Study Group.. J Gen Virol 76:2493–2507
    [Google Scholar]
12. Ndjomou J., Kupfer B., Kochan B., Zekeng L., Kaptue L., Matz B. 2002; Hepatitis C virus infection and genotypes among human immunodeficiency virus high-risk groups in Cameroon. J Med Virol 66:179–186
    [Google Scholar]
13. Nkengasong J. N., De Beenhouwer H., Claeys H., Nyambi P., Ayuk J., van der Groen G., Ndumbe P. 1995a; A pilot study of the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus RNA in southern Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52:98–100
    [Google Scholar]
14. Nkengasong J. N., Nyambi P., Claeys H., De Beenhouwer H., Collart J.-P., Ayuk J., Ndumbe P. 1995b; Predominantly hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2 are found in Cameroon. J Infect Dis 171:1380–1381
    [Google Scholar]
15. Ohno T., Mizokami M., Saleh M. G. 8 other authors 1996; Usefulness and limitation of phylogenetic analysis for hepatitis C virus core region: application to isolates from Egyptian and Yemeni patients. Arch Virol 141:1101–1113
    [Google Scholar]
16. Oni A. O., Harrison T. J. 1996; Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Nigeria. J Med Virol 49:178–186
    [Google Scholar]
17. Pybus O. G., Charleston M. A., Gupta S., Rambaut A., Holmes E. C., Harvey P. H. 2001; The epidemic behaviour of the hepatitis C virus. Science 292:2323–2325
    [Google Scholar]
18. Pybus O. G., Drummond A. J., Nakano T., Robertson B. H., Rambaut A. 2003; The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a Bayesian coalescent approach. Mol Biol Evol 20:381–387
    [Google Scholar]
19. Rapicetta M., Argentini C., Dettori S., Spada E., Pellizzer G., Gandin C. 1998; Molecular heterogeneity and new subtypes of HCV genotype 4. Res Virol 149:293–297
    [Google Scholar]
20. Ray S. C., Arthur R. R., Carella A., Bukh J., Thomas D. L. 2000; Genetic epidemiology of hepatitis C virus throughout Egypt. J Infect Dis 182:698–707
    [Google Scholar]
21. Robertson B., Myers G., Howard C. 14 other authors 1998; Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.. Arch Virol 143:2493–2503
    [Google Scholar]
22. Ruggieri A., Argentini C., Kouruma F., Chionne P., D'Ugo E., Spada E., Dettori S., Sabbatani S., Rapicetta M. 1996; Heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 variants in West Central Africa (Guinea Conakry). J Gen Virol 77:2073–2076
    [Google Scholar]
23. Salemi M., Vandamme A. M. 2002; Hepatitis C virus evolutionary patterns studied through analysis of full-genome sequences. J Mol Evol 54:62–70
    [Google Scholar]
24. Simmonds P. 1995; Variability of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 21:570–583
    [Google Scholar]
25. Simmonds P., Mellor J., Craxi A. 12 other authors 1996; Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic associations of hepatitis C types in western European patients. J Hepatol 24:517–524
    [Google Scholar]
26. Smith D. B., Pathirana S., Davidson F., Lawlor E., Power J., Yap P. L., Simmonds P. 1997; The origin of hepatitis C virus genotypes. J Gen Virol 78:321–328
    [Google Scholar]
27. Stuyver L., van Arnhem W., Wyseur A., Hernandez F., Delaporte E., Maertens G. 1994; Classification of hepatitis C viruses based on phylogenetic analysis of the envelope 1 and nonstructural 5B regions and identification of five additional subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:10134–10138
    [Google Scholar]
28. Stuyver L., Wyseur A., van Arnhem W. 7 other authors 1995; Hepatitis C virus genotyping by means of 5′-UR/core line probe assays and molecular analysis of untypeable samples. Virus Res 38:137–157
    [Google Scholar]
29. Swofford D. L. 2002 paup*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and other methods), version 4 Sinauer Associates; Sunderland, MA, USA:
    [Google Scholar]
30. Takada N., Takase S., Enomoto N., Takada A., Date T. 1992; Clinical backgrounds of the patients having different types of hepatitis C virus genomes. J Hepatol 14:35–40
    [Google Scholar]
31. Tisminetzky S. G., Gerotto M., Pontisso P., Chemello L., Ruvoletto M. G., Baralle F., Alberti A. 1994; Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Int Hepatol Commun 2:105–112
    [Google Scholar]
32. Viazov S., Kuzin S., Paladi N., Tchernovetsky M., Isaeva E., Mazhul L., Vasychova F., Widell A., Roggendorf M. 1997; Hepatitis C virus genotypes in different regions of the former Soviet Union. (Russia, Belarus, Moldova: and Uzbekistan). J Med Virol 53:36–40
    [Google Scholar]
33. Wansbrough-Jones M. H., Frimpong E., Cant B., Harris K., Evans M. R. W., Teo C. G. 1998; Prevalence and genotype of hepatitis C virus infection in pregnant women and blood donors in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:496–499
    [Google Scholar]
34. WHO 1997; Hepatitis C: global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72:341–344
    [Google Scholar]
35. Xu L. Z., Larzul D., Delaporte E., Bréchot C., Kremsdorf D. 1994; Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 is highly prevalent in central Africa (Gabon). J Gen Virol 75:2393–2398
    [Google Scholar]
36. Yoshioka K., Kakumu S., Wakita T., Ishikawa T., Itoh Y., Takayanagi M., Higashi Y., Shibata M., Morishima T. 1992; Detection of hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction and response to interferon-alpha therapy: relationship to genotypes of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 16:293–299
    [Google Scholar]