1887

Abstract

Glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus type 1 is a type 1 membrane protein in the virus envelope that binds to receptor molecules on the cell surface and which induces cell–cell fusion when co-expressed with gB, gH and gL. A chimeric gD molecule in which the membrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail domains were replaced with analogous regions from the human CD8 molecule was as competent as wild-type gD at mediating membrane fusion and virus entry. However, when gD was tethered to the membrane by means of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchor sequence, which binds only to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer, it was unable to function in cell–cell fusion assays. This chimera was incorporated into virions as efficiently as wild-type gD and yet virus particles containing gpi-linked gD entered cells more slowly than virions containing wild-type gD in their envelopes, suggesting that gD must be anchored in both leaflets of a lipid bilayer for it to function in both cell fusion and virus entry.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19039-0
2003-05-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/84/5/vir841085.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19039-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Balan P., Davis-Poynter N., Bell S., Atkinson H., Browne H., Minson T. 1994; An analysis of the in vitro and in vivo phenotypes of mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 lacking glycoproteins gG, gE, gI or the putative gJ. J Gen Virol 75:1245–1258
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Browne H., Bruun B., Minson T. 2001; Plasma membrane requirements for cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins gB, gD, gH and gL. J Gen Virol 82:1419–1422
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Cai W., Gu B., Person S. 1988; Role of glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 in viral entry and cell fusion. J Virol 62:2596–2604
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Campadelli-Fiume G., Cocchi F., Menotti L., Lopez M. 2000; The novel receptors that mediate the entry of herpes simplex viruses and animal alphaherpesviruses into cells. Rev Med Virol 10:305–319
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Carfi A., Willis S. H., Whitbeck J. C., Krummenacher C., Cohen G. H., Eisenberg R. J., Wiley D. C. 2001; Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D bound to the human receptor HveA. Mol Cell 8:169–179
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen C., Okayama H. 1987; High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA. Mol Cell Biol 7:2745–2752
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chiang H.-Y., Cohen G. H., Eisenberg R. J. 1994; Identification of functional regions of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD by using linker-insertion mutagenesis. J Virol 68:2529–2543
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cocchi F., Menotti L., Mirandola P., Lopez M., Campadelli-Fiume G. 1998; The ectodomain of a novel member of the immunoglobulin subfamily related to the poliovirus receptor has the attributes of a bona fide receptor for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human cells. J Virol 72:9992–10002
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Davis-Poynter N., Bell S., Minson T., Browne H. 1994; Analysis of the contributions of herpes simplex virus type 1 membrane proteins to the induction of cell–cell fusion. J Virol 68:7586–7590
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Enquist L. W., Husak P. J., Banfield B. W., Smith G. A. 1998; Infection and spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system. Adv Virus Res 51:237–247
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Feenstra V., Hodaie M., Johnson D. C. 1990; Deletions in herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D define nonessential and essential domains. J Virol 64:2096–2102
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Forrester A., Farrell H., Wilkinson G., Kaye J., Davis-Poynter N., Minson T. 1992; Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted. J Virol 66:341–348
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Friedrichson T., Kurzchalia T. V. 1998; Microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins in living cells revealed by crosslinking. Nature 394:802–805
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Haanes E. J., Nelson C. M., Soule C. L., Goodman J. L. 1994; The UL45 gene product is required for herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein B-induced fusion. J Virol 68:5825–5834
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Harley C. A., Dasgupta A., Wilson D. W. 2001; Characterization of herpes simplex virus-containing organelles by subcellular fractionation: role for organelle acidification in assembly of infectious particles. J Virol 75:1236–1251
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Harman A., Browne H., Minson T. 2002; The transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein H play a role in membrane fusion. J Virol 76:10708–10716
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kemble G. W., Danieli T., White J. M. 1994; Lipid-anchored influenza hemagglutinin promotes hemifusion, not complete fusion. Cell 76:383–391
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Liang X., Pyne C., Li Y., Babiuk L. A., Kowalski J. 1995; Delineation of the essential function of bovine herpesvirus 1 gD: an indication for the modulatory role of gD in virus entry. Virology 207:429–441
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Ligas M. W., Johnson D. C. 1988; A herpes simplex virus mutant in which glycoprotein D sequences are replaced by β -galactosidase sequences binds to but is unable to penetrate into cells. J Virol 62:1486–1494
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Lisanti M. P., Caras I. W., Davitz M. A., Rodriguez-Boulan E. 1989; A glycophospholipid membrane anchor acts as an apical targeting signal in polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 109:2145–2156
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Manie S. N., Debreyne S., Vincent S., Gerlier D. 2000; Measles virus structural components are enriched into lipid raft microdomains: a potential cellular location for virus assembly. J Virol 74:305–311
    [Google Scholar]
  22. McGeoch D. J., Dalrymple M. A., Davison A. J., Dolan A., Frame M. C., NcNab D., Perry L. J., Scott J. E., Taylor P. 1988; The complete DNA sequence of the long unique region on the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol 69:1531–1574
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Minson A. C., Hodgman T. C., Digard P., Hancock D. C., Bell S. E., Buckmaster E. A. 1986; An analysis of the biological properties of monoclonal antibodies against glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus and identification of amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to neutralization. J Gen Virol 67:1001–1013
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Montgomery R. I., Warner M. S., Lum B. J., Spear P. G. 1996; Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87:427–436
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Muggeridge M. I. 2000; Characterization of cell–cell fusion mediated by herpes simplex virus 2 glycoproteins gB, gD, gH and gL in transfected cells. J Gen Virol 81:2017–2027
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Muggeridge M. I., Isola V. J., Byrn R. A., Tucker T. J., Minson A. C., Glorioso J. C., Cohen G. H., Eisenberg R. J. 1988; Antigenic analysis of a major neutralization site of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, using deletion mutants and monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants. J Virol 62:3274–3280
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Pertel P. E., Fridberg A., Parish M. L., Spear P. G. 2001; Cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gB, gD, and gH-gL requires a gD receptor but not necessarily heparan sulfate. Virology 279:313–324
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Rodger G., Boname J., Bell S., Minson T. 2001; Assembly and organization of glycoproteins B, C, D, and H in herpes virus type 1 particles lacking individual glycoproteins: no evidence for the formation of a complex of these molecules. J Virol 75:710–716
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Scheiffele P., Rietveld A., Wilk T., Simons K. 1999; Influenza viruses select ordered lipid domains during budding from the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 274:2038–2044
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Shukla D., Liu J., Blaiklock P. 7 other authors 1999; A novel role for 3- O -sulfated heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus 1 entry. Cell 99:13–22
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Skepper J. N., Whiteley A., Browne H., Minson A. 2001; Herpes simplex virus nucleocapsids mature to progeny virions by an envelopment → deenvelopment → reenvelopment pathway. J Virol 75:5697–5702
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Spear P. G., Eisenberg R. J., Cohen G. H. 2000; Three classes of cell surface receptors for alphaherpesvirus entry. Virology 275:1–8
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Turner A., Bruun B., Minson A., Browne H. 1998; Glycoproteins gB, gD, and gHgL of herpes simplex virus type 1 are necessary and sufficient to mediate membrane fusion in a Cos cell transfection system. J Virol 72:873–875
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Watson D. H., Russell W. C., Wildy P. W. 1963; Electron microscope particle counts on herpes virus using the phosphotungstate negative staining technique. Virology 19:250–260
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Weiss C. D., White J. M. 1993; Characterization of stable Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type, secreted, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 67:7060–7066
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Whiteley A., Bruun B., Minson T., Browne H. 1999; Effects of targeting herpes simplex virus type 1 gD to the endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network. J Virol 73:9515–9520
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Zurzolo C., Lisanti M. P., Caras I. W., Nitsch L., Rodriguez-Boulan E. 1993; Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins are preferentially targeted to the basolateral surface in Fischer rat thyroid epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 121:1031–1039
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19039-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.19039-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error