Characterization of a neurovirulent aciclovir-resistant variant of herpes simplex virus

References

1. Biron K. K., Fyfe J. A., Stanat S. C., Leslie L. K., Sorrell J. B., Lambe C. U., Coen D. M. 1986; A human cytomegalovirus mutant resistant to the nucleoside analog 9-([2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl)guanine (BW B759U) induces reduced levels of BW B759U triphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:8769–8773
   [Google Scholar]
2. Brown D. G., Visse R., Sandhu G., Davies A., Rizkallah P. J., Melitz C., Summers W. C., Sanderson M. R. 1995; Crystal structures of the thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type-1 in complex with deoxythymidine and ganciclovir. Nat Struct Biol 2:876–881
   [Google Scholar]
3. Christophers J., Clayton J., Craske J., Ward R., Collins P., Trowbridge M., Darby G. 1998; Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northwest England. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:868–872
   [Google Scholar]
4. Coen D. M., Schaffer P. A. 1980; Two distinct loci confer resistance to acycloguanosine in herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:2265–2269
   [Google Scholar]
5. Coen D. M., Irmiere A. F., Jacobson J. G., Kerns K. M. 1989; Low levels of herpes simplex virus thymidine-thymidylate kinase are not limiting for sensitivity to certain antiviral drugs or for latency in a mouse model. Virology 168:221–231
   [Google Scholar]
6. Collins P., Darby G. 1991; Laboratory studies of herpes simplex virus strains resistant to acyclovir. Rev Med Virol 1:19–28
   [Google Scholar]
7. Efstathiou S., Kemp S., Darby G., Minson A. C. 1989; The role of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase in pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 70:869–879
   [Google Scholar]
8. Erlich K. S., Mills J., Chatis P., Mertz G. J., Busch D. F., Follansbee S. E., Grant R. M., Crumpacker C. S. 1989; Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 320:293–296
   [Google Scholar]
9. Field H. J., Wildy P. 1978; The pathogenicity of thymidine kinase-deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus in mice. J Hyg 81:267–277
   [Google Scholar]
10. Field H. J., Darby G. 1980; Pathogenicity in mice of strains of herpes simplex virus which are resistant to acyclovir in vitro and in vivo . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17:209–216
    [Google Scholar]
11. Griffiths A., Coen D. M. 2003; High frequency phenotypic reversion and pathogenicity of an acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus mutant. J Virol 77:2282–2286
    [Google Scholar]
12. Harris W., Collins P., Fenton R. J., Snowden W., Sowa M., Darby G. 2003; Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus resistant to acyclovir. J Gen Virol 84:1393–1401
    [Google Scholar]
13. Hill T. J., Field H. J., Blyth W. A. 1975; Acute and recurrent infection with herpes simplex virus in the mouse: a model for studying latency and recurrent disease. J Gen Virol 28:341–353
    [Google Scholar]
14. Hill E. L., Hunter G. A., Ellis M. N. 1991; In vitro and in vivo characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates recovered from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:2322–2328
    [Google Scholar]
15. Horsburgh B. C., Chen S. H., Hu A., Mulamba G. B., Burns W. H., Coen D. M. 1998; Recurrent acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex in an immunocompromised patient: can strain differences compensate for loss of thymidine kinase in pathogenesis?. J Infect Dis 178:618–625
    [Google Scholar]
16. Hwang C. B., Horsburgh B., Pelosi E., Roberts S., Digard P., Coen D. M. 1994; A net +1 frameshift permits synthesis of thymidine kinase from a drug-resistant herpes simplex virus mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5461–5465
    [Google Scholar]
17. Jacobson J. G., Ruffner K. L., Kosz-Vnenchak M., Hwang C. B., Wobbe K. K., Knipe D. M., Coen D. M. 1993; Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and specific stages of latency in murine trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 67:6903–6908
    [Google Scholar]
18. Kost R. G., Hill E. L., Tigges M., Straus S. E. 1993; Brief report: recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. N Engl J Med 329:1777–1782
    [Google Scholar]
19. Littler E., Stuart A. D., Chee M. S. 1992; Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 358:160–162
    [Google Scholar]
20. Nugier F., Colin J. N., Aymard M., Langlois M. 1992; Occurrence and characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus isolates: report on a two-year sensitivity screening survey. J Med Virol 36:1–12
    [Google Scholar]
21. O'Brian J. J., Campoli-Richards D. M. 1989; Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 37:233–309
    [Google Scholar]
22. Sakuma S., Yamamoto M., Kumano Y., Mori R. 1988; An acyclovir-resistant strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 which is highly virulent for mice. Arch Virol 101:169–182
    [Google Scholar]
23. Sasadeusz J. J., Tufaro F., Safrin S., Schubert K., Hubinette M. M., Cheung P. K., Sacks S. L. 1997; Homopolymer mutational hot spots mediate herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir. J Virol 71:3872–3878
    [Google Scholar]
24. Sibrack C. D., Gutman L. T., Wilfert C. M., McLaren C., St Clair M. H., Keller P. M., Barry D. W. 1982a; Pathogenicity of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 from an immunodeficient child. J Infect Dis 146:673–682
    [Google Scholar]
25. Sibrack C. D., McLaren C., Barry D. W. 1982b; Disease and latency characteristics of clinical herpes virus isolated after acyclovir therapy. Am J Med 73:372–375
    [Google Scholar]
26. Stow N. D., Wilkie N. M. 1976; An improved technique for obtaining enhanced infectivity with herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA. J Gen Virol 33:447–458
    [Google Scholar]
27. Tenser R. B., Dunstan M. E. 1979; Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase expression in infection of the trigeminal ganglion. Virology 99:417–422
    [Google Scholar]
28. Tenser R. B., Ressel S., Dunstan M. E. 1981; Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase expression in trigeminal ganglion infection: correlation of enzyme activity with ganglion virus titer and evidence of in vivo complementation. Virology 112:328–341
    [Google Scholar]
29. Wade J. C., Newton B., McLaren C., Flournoy N., Keeney R. E., Meyers J. D. 1982; Intravenous acyclovir to treat mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection after marrow transplantation: a double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 96:265–269
    [Google Scholar]