Skip to content
1887

Abstract

The picornaviruses’ genome consists of a positive-sense ssRNA. Like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. Both the [L-1ABCD-2A] and the [2BC-3ABCD] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. An unusual translational event, known as ‘StopGo’ or ‘Stop-Carry on’, is responsible for the release of the [L-1ABCD-2A] polyprotein from the ribosome and synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid of the [2BC-3ABCD] polyprotein. A common feature of these viruses is the presence of a highly conserved signature sequence for StopGo: –D(V/I)ExNPGP–, where –D(V/I)ExNPG are the last 7 aa of 2A, and the last P- is the first amino acid of 2B. Here, we report that, in contrast to encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, a functional StopGo does not appear to be essential for Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus viability when tested and .

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.047571-0
2013-02-01
2025-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Atkins J. F., Wills N. M., Loughran G., Wu C. Y., Parsawar K., Ryan M. D., Wang C. H., Nelson C. C. 2007; A case for “StopGo”: reprogramming translation to augment codon meaning of GGN by promoting unconventional termination (Stop) after addition of glycine and then allowing continued translation (Go). RNA 13:803–810 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Batson S., Rundell K. 1991; Proteolysis at the 2A/2B junction in Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 181:764–767 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Brown J. D., Ryan M. D. 2010; Ribosome “skipping”: “Stop-Carry On” or “StopGo” translation. In Recoding: Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression pp. 101–121 Edited by Atkins J. F., Gesteland R. F. Heidelberg: Springer; [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Donnelly M. L., Gani D., Flint M., Monaghan S., Ryan M. D. 1997; The cleavage activities of aphthovirus and cardiovirus 2A proteins. J Gen Virol 78:13–21[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Donnelly M. L., Hughes L. E., Luke G., Mendoza H., ten Dam E., Gani D., Ryan M. D. 2001a; The ‘cleavage’ activities of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A site-directed mutants and naturally occurring ‘2A-like’ sequences. J Gen Virol 82:1027–1041[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Donnelly M. L., Luke G., Mehrotra A., Li X., Hughes L. E., Gani D., Ryan M. D. 2001b; Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein ‘cleavage’ mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal ‘skip’. J Gen Virol 82:1013–1025[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Doronina V. A., Wu C., de Felipe P., Sachs M. S., Ryan M. D., Brown J. D. 2008; Site-specific release of nascent chains from ribosomes at a sense codon. Mol Cell Biol 28:4227–4239 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Duke G. M., Osorio J. E., Palmenberg A. C. 1990; Attenuation of Mengo virus through genetic engineering of the 5′ noncoding poly(C) tract. Nature 343:474–476 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hahn H., Palmenberg A. C. 1996; Mutational analysis of the encephalomyocarditis virus primary cleavage. J Virol 70:6870–6875[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Hahn H., Palmenberg A. C. 2001; Deletion mapping of the encephalomyocarditis virus primary cleavage site. J Virol 75:7215–7218 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Harmon S. A., Updike W., Jia X. Y., Summers D. F., Ehrenfeld E. 1992; Polyprotein processing in cis and in trans by hepatitis A virus 3C protease cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol 66:5242–5247[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Jackson R. J. 1986; A detailed kinetic analysis of the in vitro synthesis and processing of encephalomyocarditis virus products. Virology 149:114–127 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Leong L. E.-C., Cornell C. T., Semler B. L. 2002; Processing determinants and functions of cleavage products of picornavirus polyproteins. In Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses pp. 187–197 Edited by Semler B. L., Wimmer E. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology;
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Loughran G., Firth A. E., Atkins J. F. 2011; Ribosomal frameshifting into an overlapping gene in the 2B-encoding region of the cardiovirus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:E1111–E1119 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Luke G. A., de Felipe P., Lukashev A., Kallioinen S. E., Bruno E. A., Ryan M. D. 2008; Occurrence, function and evolutionary origins of ‘2A-like’ sequences in virus genomes. J Gen Virol 89:1036–1042 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Palmenberg A. C. 1990; Proteolytic processing of picornaviral polyprotein. Annu Rev Microbiol 44:603–623 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Palmenberg A. C., Kirby E. M., Janda M. R., Drake N. L., Duke G. M., Potratz K. F., Collett M. S. 1984; The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the encephalomyocarditis viral polyprotein coding region. Nucleic Acids Res 12:2969–2985 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Palmenberg A. C., Parks G. D., Hall D. J., Ingraham R. H., Seng T. W., Pallai P. V. 1992; Proteolytic processing of the cardioviral P2 region: primary 2A/2B cleavage in clone-derived precursors. Virology 190:754–762 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Parks G. D., Palmenberg A. C. 1987; Site-specific mutations at a picornavirus VP3/VP1 cleavage site disrupt in vitro processing and assembly of capsid precursors. J Virol 61:3680–3687[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Rieder E., Bunch T., Brown F., Mason P. W. 1993; Genetically engineered foot-and-mouth disease viruses with poly(C) tracts of two nucleotides are virulent in mice. J Virol 67:5139–5145[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Rieder E., Henry T., Duque H., Baxt B. 2005; Analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease virus type A24 isolate containing an SGD receptor recognition site in vitro and its pathogenesis in cattle. J Virol 79:12989–12998 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Roos R. P., Kong W. P., Semler B. L. 1989; Polyprotein processing of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Virol 63:5344–5353[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ryan M. D., Drew J. 1994; Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A oligopeptide mediated cleavage of an artificial polyprotein. EMBO J 13:928–933[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ryan M. D., King A. M., Thomas G. P. 1991; Cleavage of foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein is mediated by residues located within a 19 amino acid sequence. J Gen Virol 72:2727–2732 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Villarreal D., Young C. R., Storts R., Ting J. W., Welsh C. J. 2006; A comparison of the neurotropism of Theiler’s virus and poliovirus in CBA mice. Microb Pathog 41:149–156 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.047571-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.047571-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error