1887

Abstract

Global epidemiological analysis is vital for implementing progressive regional foot-and-mouth disease control programmes. Here, we have generated VP1 region sequences for 55 Indian type A outbreak strains and have included complete VP1 sequences from 46 other countries to obtain a comprehensive global phylogeographical impression. A total of 26 regional genotypes within three continental topotypes, based on a 15 % nucleotide divergence cut-off criterion, could be identified. These genotypes correlated with distinct evolutionary lineages in the maximum-likelihood phylogeny. During the last decade, ten genotypes have been in circulation the world over and it was evident that no type A strain has transgressed the continental barriers during this period. A single genotype (genotype 18) within the Asia topotype has been circulating in India with neither any incursion nor any long distance movement of virus out of the country during the last ten years, although close genetic and epidemiological links between viruses from Bhutan and India were revealed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.028555-0
2011-04-01
2024-12-02
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/92/4/873.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.028555-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Anisimova, M. & Gascuel, O.(2006). Approximate likelihood-ratio test for branches: a fast, accurate, and powerful alternative. Syst Biol 55, 539–552. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  2. Felsenstein, J.(1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  3. Guindon, S. & Gascuel, O.(2003). A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52, 696–704. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  4. Jangra, R. K., Tosh, C., Sanyal, A., Hemadri, D. & Bandyopadhyay, S. K.(2005). Antigenic and genetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A isolates for selection of candidate vaccine strain reveals emergence of a variant virus that is responsible for most recent outbreaks in India. Virus Res 112, 52–59. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  5. Kimura, M.(1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16, 111–120. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  6. Kitching, R. P.(2005). Global epidemiology and prospects for control of foot-and-mouth disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 288, 133–148. [Google Scholar]
  7. Knowles, N. J. & Samuel, A. R.(2003). Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res 91, 65–80. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  8. Knowles, N. J., Nazem Shirazi, M. H., Wadsworth, J., Swabey, K. G., Stirling, J. M., Statham, R. J., Li, Y., Hutchings, G. H., Ferris, N. P. & other authors(2009). Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East. Transbound Emerg Dis 56, 157–169. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  9. Leforban, Y. & Gerbier, G.(2002). Review of the status of foot and mouth disease and approach to control/eradication in Europe and Central Asia. Rev Sci Tech 21, 477–492. [Google Scholar]
  10. Posada, D.(2008). jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Mol Biol Evol 25, 1253–1256. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  11. Rico-Hesse, R., Pallansch, M. A., Nottay, B. K. & Kew, O. M.(1987). Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes. Virology 160, 311–322. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  12. Rweyemamu, M., Roeder, P., Mackay, D., Sumption, K., Brownlie, J., Leforban, Y., Valarcher, J. F., Knowles, N. J. & Saraiva, V.(2008). Epidemiological patterns of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide. Transbound Emerg Dis 55, 57–72. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  13. Saitou, N. & Nei, M.(1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4, 406–425. [Google Scholar]
  14. Samuel, A. R. & Knowles, N. J.(2001). Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and geographically distinct evolutionary lineages (topotypes). J Gen Virol 82, 609–621. [Google Scholar]
  15. Samuel, A. R., Knowles, N. J. & Mackay, D. K. J.(1999). Genetic analysis of type O viruses responsible for epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in North Africa. Epidemiol Infect 122, 529–538. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  16. Sneath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R.(1973).Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco. : Freeman. [Google Scholar]
  17. Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S.(2007).mega4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (mega) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24, 1596–1599. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  18. Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J.(1994).clustalw: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 4673–4680. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  19. Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G.(1997). The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 4876–4882. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  20. Tosh, C., Sanyal, A., Hemadri, D. & Venkataramanan, R.(2002). Phylogenetic analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in India between 1977 and 2000. Arch Virol 147, 493–513. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  21. Valarcher, J. F., Leforban, Y., Rweyemamu, M., Roeder, P. L., Gerbier, G., Mackay, D. K. J., Sumption, K. J., Paton, D. J. & Knowles, N. J.(2008). Incursions of foot-and-mouth disease virus into Europe between 1985 and 2006. Transbound Emerg Dis 55, 14–34. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  22. van der Sanden, S., van der Avoort, H., Lemey, P., Uslu, G. & Koopmans, M.(2010). Evolutionary trajectory of the VP1 gene of human enterovirus 71 genogroup B and C viruses. J Gen Virol 91, 1949–1958. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  23. Vosloo, W., Knowles, N. J. & Thomson, G. R.(1992). Genetic relationships between southern African SAT-2 isolates of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Epidemiol Infect 109, 547–558. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.028555-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.028555-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

vol. , part 4, pp. 873–879

VP1 based ML tree corresponding to Fig. 2a, showing virus names against the branches.



PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error