Several instances of emerging diseases in humans appear to be caused by the spillover of viruses endemic to bats, either directly or through other animal intermediaries. The objective of this study was to detect, identify and characterize viruses in bats in the province of Manitoba and other regions of Canada. Bats were sampled from three sources: live-trapped Myotis lucifugus from Manitoba, rabies-negative Eptesicus fuscus, M. lucifugus, M. yumanensis, M. septentrionalis, M. californicus, M. evotis, Lasionycteris (L.) noctivagans and Lasiurus (Las.) cinereus, provided by the Centre of Expertise for Rabies of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and L. noctivagans, Las. cinereus and Las. borealis collected from a wind farm in Manitoba. We attempted to isolate viruses from fresh tissue samples taken from trapped bats in cultured cells of bat, primate, rodent, porcine, ovine and avian origin. We also screened bat tissues by PCR using primers designed to amplify nucleic acids from members of certain families of viruses. We detected RNA of a group 1 coronavirus from M. lucifugus (3 of 31 animals) and DNA from an as-yet undescribed polyomavirus from female M. lucifugus (4 of 31 animals) and M. californicus (pooled tissues from two females).
ArnettE. B.,
BrownW. K.,
EricksonW. P.,
FiedlerJ. K.,
HamiltonB. L.,
HenryT. H.,
JainA.,
JohnsonG. D.,
KernsJ.other authors2008; Patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in North America. J Wildl Manage 72:61–78[CrossRef]
BaerwaldE. F.,
D'AmoursG. H.,
KlugB. J.,
BarclayR. M.2008; Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Curr Biol 18:R695–R696[CrossRef]
BileckiL. C.2003; Bat hibernacula in the Karst landscape of central Manitoba: protecting critical wildlife habitat while managing for resource development. Masters thesis University of Manitoba; Winnipeg:
CalisherC. H.,
ChildsJ. E.,
FieldH. E.,
HolmesK. V.,
SchountzT.2006; Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:531–545[CrossRef]
CarringtonC. V. F.,
FosterJ. E.,
ZhuH. C.,
ZhangJ. X.,
SmithG. J. D.,
ThompsonN.,
AugusteA. J.,
RamkissoonV.,
AdesiyunA. A.,
GuanY.2008; Detection and phylogenetic analysis of group 1 coronaviruses in South American bats. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1890–1893[CrossRef]
ChuaK. B.,
CrameriG.,
HyattA.,
YuM.,
TompangM. R.,
RosliJ.,
McEachernJ.,
CrameriS.,
KumarasamyV.other authors2007; A previously unknown reovirus of bat origin is associated with an acute respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:11424–11429[CrossRef]
DominguezS. R.,
O'SheaT. J.,
OkoL. M.,
HolmesK. V.2007; Detection of group 1 coronaviruses in bats in North America. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1295–1300[CrossRef]
DreierJ.,
StormerM.,
KleesiekK.2005; Use of bacteriophage MS2 as an internal control in viral reverse transcription-PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 43:4551–4557[CrossRef]
Gloza-RauschF.,
IpsenA.,
SeebensA.,
GöttscheM.,
PanningM.,
Felix DrexlerJ.,
PetersenN.,
AnnanA.,
GrywnaK.other authors2008; Detection and prevalence patterns of group I coronaviruses in bats, northern Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 14:626–631[CrossRef]
GurleyE. S.,
MontgomeryJ. M.,
HossainM. J.,
BellM.,
AzadA. K.,
IslamM. R.,
MollaM. A.,
CarrollD. S.,
KsiazekT. G.other authors2007; Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1031–1037[CrossRef]
HannaJ. N.,
CarneyI. K.,
SmithG. A.,
TannenbergA. E.,
DeverillJ. E.,
BothaJ. A.,
SerafinI. L.,
HarrowerB. J.,
FitzpatrickP. F.,
SearleJ. W.2000; Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period. Med J Aust 172:597–599
JohneR.,
EnderleinD.,
NieperH.,
MüllerH.2005; Novel polyomavirus detected in the feces of a chimpanzee by nested broad-spectrum PCR. J Virol 79:3883–3887[CrossRef]
JohneR.,
WittigW.,
Fernández-de-LucoD.,
HöfleU.,
MüllerH.2006; Characterization of two novel polyomaviruses of birds by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification of their genomes. J Virol 80:3523–3531[CrossRef]
JonesK. E.,
PatelN. G.,
LevyM. A.,
StoreygardA.,
BalkD.,
GittlemanJ. L.,
DaszakP.2008; Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:990–993[CrossRef]
KlugB. J.,
BarclayR. M. R.2008; The risk of rabies transmission from bat carcasses to mammalian scavengers at wind energy facilities in Alberta. In Abstracts of the 38th Annual North American Symposium for Bat Research p– 31
LauS. K.,
WooP. C.,
LiK. S.,
HuangY.,
TsoiH. W.,
WongB. H.,
WongS. S.,
LeungS. Y.,
ChanK. H.,
YuenK. Y.2005; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:14040–14045[CrossRef]
NathwaniD.,
McIntyreP. G.,
WhiteK.,
ShearerA. J.,
ReynoldsN.,
WalkerD.,
OrangeG. V.,
FooksA. R.2003; Fatal human rabies caused by European bat Lyssavirus type 2a infection in Scotland. Clin Infect Dis 37:598–601[CrossRef]
PoonL. L.,
ChuD. K.,
ChanK. H.,
WongO. K.,
EllisT. M.,
LeungY. H.,
LauS. K.,
WooP. C.,
SuenK. Y. & other authors; 2005; Identification of a novel coronavirus in bats. J Virol 79:2001–2009[CrossRef]
PottiJ.,
BlancoG.,
LemusJ. A.,
CanalD.2007; Infectious offspring: how birds acquire and transmit an avian polyomavirus in the wild. PLoS One 2:e1276[CrossRef]
SamaratungaH.,
SearleJ. W.,
HudsonN.1998; Non-rabies Lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats: Australian bat Lyssavirus (pteropid Lyssavirus) infection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 24:331–335[CrossRef]
WillisC. K. R.,
BrighamR. M.2005; Physiological and ecological aspects of roost selection by reproductive female hoary bats ( Lasiurus cinereus ). J Mammal 86:85–94[CrossRef]