Improved efficacy of an influenza DNA vaccine through high-density microarray patch delivery

References

1. US Department of Agriculture AaPHIS 2025. Confirmations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial and Backyard Flocks; 2025 https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/commercial-backyard-flocks accessed 30 July 2025
2. Elsmo EJ, Wünschmann A, Beckmen KB, Broughton-Neiswanger LE, Buckles EL et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b infections in wild terrestrial mammals, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2451–2460 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Caserta LC, Frye EA, Butt SL, Laverack M, Nooruzzaman M et al. Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature 2024; 634:669–676 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Siegers JY, Xie R, Byrne AMP, Edwards KM, Hu S et al. Emergence of a novel reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A/H5N1 virus associated with human cases in Cambodia. medRxiv 2024 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Taaffe J, Goldin S, Lambach P, Sparrow E. Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2023. Vaccine 2025; 51:126839 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Hatta M, Hatta Y, Choi A, Hossain J, Feng C et al. An influenza mRNA vaccine protects ferrets from lethal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eads1273 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Crommelin DJA, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, Jiskoot W, Mastrobattista E. Addressing the cold reality of mRNA vaccine stability. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:997–1001 [View Article] [PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Choo JJY, McMillan CLD, Fernando GJP, Hall RA, Young PR et al. Developing a stabilizing formulation of a live chimeric dengue virus vaccine dry coated on a high-density microarray patch. Vaccines 2021; 9:1301 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
9. McMillan CLD, Amarilla AA, Modhiran N, Choo JJY, Azuar A et al. Skin-patch delivered subunit vaccine induces broadly neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Vaccine 2022; 40:4929–4932 [View Article]
   [Google Scholar]
10. McMillan CLD, Azuar A, Choo JJY, Modhiran N, Amarilla AA et al. Dermal delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine induces immunogenicity against variants of concern. Vaccines 2022; 10:578 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
11. McMillan CLD, Choo JJY, Idris A, Supramaniam A, Modhiran N et al. Complete protection by a single-dose skin patch–delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine. Sci Adv 2021; 7: [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
12. McMillan CLD, Corner AV, Wijesundara DK, Choo JJY, Pittayakhajonwut D et al. Skin patch delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 spike DNA vaccine produces broad neutralising antibody responses. Heliyon 2025; 11:e42533 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
13. McMillan CLD, Wijesundara DK, Choo JJY, Amarilla AA, Modhiran N et al. Enhancement of cellular immunity following needle-free vaccination of mice with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Gen Virol 2024; 105: [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Wijesundara DK, Yeow A, McMillan CLD, Choo JJY, Todorovic A et al. Superior efficacy of a skin-applied microprojection device for delivering a novel Zika DNA vaccine. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 34:102056 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Forster AH, Witham K, Depelsenaire ACI, Veitch M, Wells JW et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003024 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Baker B, Bermingham IM, Leelasena I, Hickling J, Young PR et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of measles and rubella vaccine delivered with a high-density microarray patch: results from a randomized, partially double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial. Vaccines 2023; 11:1725 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Baker B, Hacker E, Siller G, Lee M, Mursaliyev N et al. Evaluation of the self-administration potential of high-density microarray patches to human skin: a preliminary study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2023; 19:2189409 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
18. McMillan CLD, Cheung STM, Modhiran N, Barnes J, Amarilla AA et al. Development of molecular clamp stabilized hemagglutinin vaccines for Influenza A viruses. npj Vaccines 2021; 6: [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Corti D, Voss J, Gamblin SJ, Codoni G, Macagno A et al. A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins. Science 2011; 333:850–856 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Krause JC, Tsibane T, Tumpey TM, Huffman CJ, Basler CF et al. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 2011; 85:10905–10908 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Kraynyak KA, Blackwood E, Agnes J, Tebas P, Giffear M et al. SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine ino-4800 induces durable immune responses capable of being boosted in a phase 1 open-label trial. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1923–1932 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Robinson HL, Boyle CA, Feltquate DM, Morin MJ, Santoro JC et al. DNA immunization for influenza virus: studies using hemagglutinin- and nucleoprotein-expressing DNAs. J Infect Dis 1997; 176 Suppl 1:S50–5 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Robinson HL, Hunt LA, Webster RG. Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine 1993; 11:957–960 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
24. Budzinska MA, Leonard TE, Chang RY, Chaudhary N, SW C et al. MRNArchitect: optimized design of mrna sequences. bioRxiv 2024 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]