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Journal of General Virology header logo Journal of General Virology

Volume 106, Issue 4

Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America Open Access

Abstract

The high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1, which first emerged in the winter of 2021, has resulted in multiple outbreaks across the American continent through the summer of 2023 and they continue based on early 2025 records, presenting significant challenges for global health and food security. The viruses causing the outbreaks belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which are descendants of the lineage A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) through genetic reassortments with several low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses present in populations of Anseriformes and Charadriiformes orders. This review addresses these issues by thoroughly analysing available epidemiological databases and specialized literature reviews. This project explores the mechanisms behind the resurgence of the H5N1 virus. It provides a comprehensive overview of the origin, timeline and factors contributing to its prevalence among wild bird populations on the American continent.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage , evolution influenza virus , migratory patterns , molecular markers , outbreaks and wild birds
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002081
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Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America
J. Gen. Virol. 106, 002081 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002081
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002081
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002081
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