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Journal of General Virology header logo Journal of General Virology

Volume 105, Issue 6

H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses replicate in differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface Open Access

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are responsible for disease outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, resulting in devastating losses to the poultry sector. Since 2020, an increasing number of outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 was seen in wild birds. Infections in mammals have become more common, in most cases in carnivores after direct contact with infected birds. Although ruminants were previously not considered a host species for HPAI viruses, in March 2024 multiple outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 were detected in goats and cattle in the United States. Here, we have used primary bronchus-derived well-differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells (WD-AECs) cultured at air-liquid interface to assess the susceptibility and permissiveness of bovine epithelial cells to infection with European H5N1 virus isolates. We inoculated bovine WD-AECs with three low-passage HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus isolates and detected rapid increases in viral genome loads and infectious virus during the first 24 h post-inoculation, without substantial cytopathogenic effects. Three days post-inoculation infected cells were still detectable by immunofluorescent staining. These data indicate that multiple lineages of HPAI H5N1 may have the propensity to infect the respiratory tract of cattle and support extension of avian influenza surveillance efforts to ruminants. Furthermore, this study underscores the benefit of WD-AEC cultures for pandemic preparedness by providing a rapid and animal-free assessment of the host range of an emerging pathogen.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): air-liquid interface , airway epithelial cells , cattle , cow , H5N1 , highly pathogenic avian influenza and ruminants
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Wageningen University and Research (Award NLAS-CCS)
    • Principle Award Recipient: RikL. de Swart
  • Wageningen University and Research (Award ERRAZE R2WP2.4)
    • Principle Award Recipient: RikL. de Swart
  • Wageningen University and Research (Award ERRAZE R1.WP2)
    • Principle Award Recipient: RikL. de Swart
  • Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (Award WOT-01-003-096)
    • Principle Award Recipient: LucaBordes
© 2024 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2024-06-26
2025-06-23
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H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses replicate in differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface
J. Gen. Virol. 105, 002007 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002007
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002007
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002007
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