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Journal of General Virology header logo Journal of General Virology

Volume 105, Issue 5

Phloretin inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus proliferation via multiple mechanisms No Access

Abstract

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry, with 100% mortality in piglets aged 2 weeks and intestinal injury in pigs of other ages. However, there is still a shortage of safe and effective anti-TGEV drugs in clinics. In this study, phloretin, a naturally occurring dihydrochalcone glycoside, was identified as a potent antagonist of TGEV. Specifically, we found phloretin effectively inhibited TGEV proliferation in PK-15 cells, dose-dependently reducing the expression of TGEV N protein, mRNA, and virus titer. The anti-TGEV activity of phloretin was furthermore refined to target the internalization and replication stages. Moreover, we also found that phloretin could decrease the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines induced by TGEV infection. In addition, we expanded the potential key targets associated with the anti-TGEV effect of phloretin to AR, CDK2, INS, ESR1, ESR2, EGFR, PGR, PPARG, PRKACA, and MAPK14 with the help of network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Furthermore, resistant viruses have been selected by culturing TGEV with increasing concentrations of phloretin. Resistance mutations were reproducibly mapped to the residue (S242) of main protease (M). Molecular docking analysis showed that the mutation (S242F) significantly disrupted phloretin binding to M, suggesting M might be a potent target of phloretin. In summary, our findings indicate that phloretin is a promising drug candidate for combating TGEV, which may be helpful for developing pharmacotherapies for TGEV and other coronavirus infections.

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  • Accepted:
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Keyword(s): antiviral , inflammatory factors , phloretin , replication and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (Award ZRMS2022000328)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ShuaiHuang
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (Award 31972692)
    • Principle Award Recipient: LilanXie
© 2024 The Authors
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/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001996
2024-05-30
2025-04-23
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Phloretin inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus proliferation via multiple mechanisms
J. Gen. Virol. 105, 001996 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001996
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001996
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001996
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