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Volume 103, Issue 5

Non-canonical nematode endogenous retroviruses resulting from RNA virus glycoprotein gene capture by a metavirus No Access

Abstract

Reverse-transcribing retroviruses exist as horizontally transmitted infectious agents or vertically transmitted endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) resident in eukaryotic genomes, and they are phylogenetically related to the long terminal repeat (LTR) class of retrotransposons. ERVs and retrotransposons are often distinguished only by the presence or absence of a gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (). Endogenous elements of the virus family include the insect-restricted genus of ERVs, for which some members possess , and the pan-eukaryotic genus that lacks an envelope glycoprotein gene. Here we report a novel Nematoda endogenous retrovirus (NERV) clade with core retroviral genes arranged uniquely as a continuous ORF. Reverse transcriptase sequences were phylogenetically related to metaviruses, but envelope glycoprotein sequences resembled those of the and RNA virus families, suggesting gene capture during host cell infection by an RNA virus. NERVs were monophyletic, restricted to the nematode subclass Chromadoria, and included additional ORFs for a small hypothetical protein or a large Upf1-like RNA-dependent AAA-ATPase/helicase indicative of viral transduction of a host gene. Provirus LTR identity, low copy number, ORF integrity and segregation of three loci in taken together with detection of NERV transcriptional activity, support potential infectivity of NERVs, along with their recent emergence and integration. Altogether, NERVs constitute a new and distinct lineage demonstrating retroviral evolution through sequential heterologous gene capture events.

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  • Accepted:
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Keyword(s): endogenous retrovirus , env capture , metavirus , nematode and Upf1
© 2022 The Authors
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2022-05-12
2024-04-23
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Non-canonical nematode endogenous retroviruses resulting from RNA virus glycoprotein gene capture by a metavirus
J. Gen. Virol. 103, 001739 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001739
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001739
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001739
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