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Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 100, Issue 12

To TRIM or not to TRIM: the balance of host–virus interactions mediated by the ubiquitin system Free

Abstract

The innate immune system responds rapidly to protect against viral infections, but an overactive response can cause harmful damage. To avoid this, the response is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). The ubiquitin system represents a powerful PTM machinery that allows for the reversible linkage of ubiquitin to activate and deactivate a target’s function. A precise enzymatic cascade of ubiquitin-activating, conjugating and ligating enzymes facilitates ubiquitination. Viruses have evolved to take advantage of the ubiquitin pathway either by targeting factors to dampen the antiviral response or by hijacking the system to enhance their replication. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases has garnered attention as a major contributor to innate immunity. Many TRIM family members limit viruses either indirectly as components in innate immune signalling, or directly by targeting viral proteins for degradation. In spite of this, TRIMs and other ubiquitin ligases can be appropriated by viruses and repurposed as valuable tools in viral replication. This duality of function suggests a new frontier of research for TRIMs and raises new challenges for discerning the subtleties of these pro-viral mechanisms. Here, we review current findings regarding the involvement of TRIMs in host–virus interactions. We examine ongoing developments in the field, including novel roles for unanchored ubiquitin in innate immunity, the direct involvement of ubiquitin ligases in promoting viral replication, recent controversies on the role of ubiquitin and TRIM25 in activation of the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I, and we discuss the implications these studies have on future research directions.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): E3 ubiquitin ligase , innate immunity , tripartite motif (TRIM) , ubiquitin , unanchored polyubiquitin and virus infection
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award R01 AI134907)
    • Principle Award Recipient: Ricardo Rajsbaum
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award R21 AI126012)
    • Principle Award Recipient: Ricardo Rajsbaum
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award R21 AI132479)
    • Principle Award Recipient: Ricardo Rajsbaum
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award T32 AI060549)
    • Principle Award Recipient: Adam Hage
© 2019 The Authors
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2019-10-29
2024-04-24
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To TRIM or not to TRIM: the balance of host–virus interactions mediated by the ubiquitin system
J. Gen. Virol. 100, 1641 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001341
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