1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 97, Issue 5

Aquabirnavirus polyploidy: a new strategy to modulate virulence? Free

Abstract

One of the main research issues regarding infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is its virulence mechanisms. The basis for understanding the molecular virulence determinants of this virus was established over the last decade when it was demonstrated that certain amino acid domains in the VP2 and VP2–NS inter-region determined the level of virulence of IPNV. However, certain variability was still inexplicable and therefore other factors may also be involved. To this end, it was demonstrated recently that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a virus in a different genus of the same family as IPNV, can package more than two dsRNA segments, and that polyploidy may be associated with virulence. In the present report, we analysed the viral fractions obtained after gradient centrifugation to demonstrate that IPNV virions can also package more than two segments, thus indicating that polyploidy is a common birnavirus trait. The differential replication and virulence additionally suggested that such a characteristic is involved in the modulation of virus infectivity. However, although the results clearly demonstrated that the replication capacity was enhanced as the viral ploidy increased, the results could not strongly support a direct relationship between ploidy and virulence to the host, thus suggesting that other virulence determinants are also involved.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
© 2016 The Authors
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000434
2016-05-01
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/97/5/1168.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000434&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Beniac D. R., Melito P. L., Devarennes S. L., Hiebert S. L., Rabb M. J., Lamboo L. L., Jones S. M., Booth T. F. 2012; The organisation of Ebola virus reveals a capacity for extensive, modular polyploidy. PLoS One 7:e29608 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Blake S., Ma J. Y., Caporale D. A., Jairath S., Nicholson B. L. 2001; Phylogenetic relationships of aquatic birnaviruses based on deduced amino acid sequences of genome segment A cDNA. Dis Aquat Organ 45:89–102 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bruslind L. D., Reno P. W. 2000; Virulence comparison of three Buhl-subtype isolates of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in brook trout fry. J Aquat Anim Health 12:301–315 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Cárdenas C., Carmona M., Gallardo A., Labra A., Marshall S. H. 2014; Coexistence in field samples of two variants of the infectious salmon anemia virus: a putative shift to pathogenicity. PLoS One 9:e87832 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Castón J. R., Trus B. L., Booy F. P., Wickner R. B., Wall J. S., Steven A. C. 1997; Structure of L-A virus: a specialized compartment for the transcription and replication of double-stranded RNA. J Cell Biol 138:975–985 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Chang N., Macdonald R. D., Yamamoto T. 1978; Purification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and comparison of polypeptide composition of different isolates. Can J Microbiol 24:19–27 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cohen J., Poinsard A., Scherrer R. 1973; Physico-chemical and morphological features of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Gen Virol 21:485–498 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Comai L. 2005; The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat Rev Genet 6:836–846 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Coulibaly F., Chevalier C., Delmas B., Rey F. A. 2010; Crystal structure of an aquabirnavirus particle: insights into antigenic diversity and virulence determinism. J Virol 84:1792–1799 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Dobos P. 1977; Virus-specific protein synthesis in cells infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Virol 21:242–258[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Dobos P. 1995a; The molecular biology of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Annu Rev Fish Dis 5:25–54 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Dobos P. 1995b; Protein-primed RNA synthesis in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Virology 208:19–25 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Duncan R., Nagy E., Krell P. J., Dobos P. 1987; Synthesis of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus polyprotein, detection of a virus-encoded protease, and fine structure mapping of genome segment A coding regions. J Virol 61:3655–3664[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Duncan R., Mason C. L., Nagy E., Leong J. A., Dobos P. 1991; Sequence analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus genome segment B and its encoded VP1 protein: a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacking the Gly-Asp-Asp motif. Virology 181:541–552 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Enami M., Sharma G., Benham C., Palese P. 1991; An influenza virus containing nine different RNA segments. Virology 185:291–298 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Heppell J., Berthiaume L., Tarrab E., Lecomte J., Arella M. 1992; Evidence of genomic variations between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains determined by restriction fragment profiles. J Gen Virol 73:2863–2870 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Heppell J., Tarrab E., Lecomte J., Berthiaume L., Arella M. 1995; Strain variability and localization of important epitopes on the major structural protein (VP2) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Virology 214:40–49 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hill B. J., Way K. 1995; Serological classification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and other aquatic birnaviruses. Annu Rev Fish Dis 5:55–77 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Kelly R. K., Loh P. C. 1972; Electron microscopical and biochemical characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Virol 10:824–834[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Kiley M. P., Bowen E. T. W., Eddy G. A., Isaäcson M., Johnson K. M., McCormick J. B., Murphy F. A., Pattyn S. R., Peters D., other authors. 1982; Filoviridae: a taxonomic home for Marburg and Ebola viruses?. Intervirology 18:24–32 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Laemmli U. K. 1970; Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Lago M., Crujeiras A., Bandín I., Dopazo C. 2013; Ex vivo reassortment between IPNV strains. In 16th International Conference on Diseases of Fish & Shellfish, P-025. European Association of Fish Pathologists (EAFP) Tampere, Finland
  23. Lago M., Bandín I., Barja J. L., Rodriguez J. F., Dopazo C. P. 2010; Virulence for cultured turbot and Senegalese sole of aquatic birnaviruses from wild fish: analysis of factors of virulence. In 8th International Symposium on Viruses of Lower Vertebrates, P11. 26–29 April, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  24. Lightner D., Post G. 1969; Morphological Characteristics of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Yirus in Trout Pancreatic Tissue. J Fish Res Board Can 26:2247–2250 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Luque D., Rivas G., Alfonso C., Carrascosa J. L., Rodríguez J. F., Castón J. R. 2009; Infectious bursal disease virus is an icosahedral polyploid dsRNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:2148–2152 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Magyar G., Dobos P. 1994; Evidence for the detection of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus polyprotein and the 17-kDa polypeptide in infected cells and of the NS protease in purified virus. Virology 204:580–589 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Moss L. H. I. III, Gravell M. 1969; Ultrastructure and sequential development of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Virol 3:52–58[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Pedersen T., Skjesol A., Jørgensen J. B. 2007; VP3, a structural protein of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, interacts with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1 and with double-stranded RNA. J Virol 81:6652–6663 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Rager M., Vongpunsawad S., Duprex W. P., Cattaneo R. 2002; Polyploid measles virus with hexameric genome length. EMBO J 21:2364–2372 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Reed L. J., Müench H. 1938; A simple method of estimating fifty per cent end points. Am J Hyg 27:493–497
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Romero-Brey I., Bandín I., Cutrín J. M., Vakharia V. N., Dopazo C. P. 2009; Genetic analysis of aquabirnaviruses isolated from wild fish reveals occurrence of natural reassortment of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Fish Dis 32:585–595 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Sano M., Okamoto N., Fukuda H., Saneyoshi M., Sano T. 1992; Virulence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is associated with the larger RNA segment (RNA segment A). J Fish Dis 15:283–293 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Santi N., Vakharia V. N., Evensen Ø. 2004; Identification of putative motifs involved in the virulence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Virology 322:31–40 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Santi N., Sandtrø A., Sindre H., Song H., Hong J. R., Thu B., Wu J. L., Vakharia V. N., Evensen Ø. 2005; Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo independent of VP5 expression. Virology 342:13–25 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Schrauwen E. J., de Graaf M., Herfst S., Rimmelzwaan G. F., Osterhaus A. D., Fouchier R. A. 2014; Determinants of virulence of influenza A virus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:479–490 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Shivappa R. B., Song H., Yao K., Aas-Eng A., Evensen O., Vakharia V. N. 2004; Molecular characterization of Sp serotype strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus exhibiting differences in virulence. Dis Aquat Organ 61:23–32 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Song H., Santi N., Evensen O., Vakharia V. N. 2005; Molecular determinants of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus virulence and cell culture adaptation. J Virol 79:10289–10299 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Vestergård Jorgensen P., Grauballe P. C. 1971; Problems in the serological typing of IPN virus. Acta Vet Scand 12:145–147[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000434
Loading
Aquabirnavirus polyploidy: a new strategy to modulate virulence?
J. Gen. Virol. 97, 1168 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000434
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000434
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000434
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error