1887

Abstract

Measles remains endemic in many East African countries, where it is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We collected clinical specimens from Sudanese measles patients between July 1997 and July 2000. Sequencing of the 3′ 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene from 33 measles virus (MV) isolates and 8 RNA samples extracted from clinical specimens demonstrated the presence of a single endemic MV strain with little sequence variation over time (overall nucleotide divergence of 0 to 1·3%). This was confirmed by sequencing of the complete H gene of two isolates from 1997 and two from 2000, in which the overall divergence ranged between 0 and 0·5%. Comparison with MV reference strains demonstrated that the viruses belonged to clade B, genotype B3, and were most closely related to a set of viruses recently isolated in Nigeria. Our study demonstrates a remarkable genetic stability of an endemically circulating MV strain.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437
2002-06-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/83/6/0831437a.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bellini W. J., Rota P. A. 1998; Genetic diversity of wild-type measles viruses: implications for global measles elimination programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4:29–35
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Chibo D., Birch C. J., Rota P. A., Catton M. G. 2000; Molecular characterization of measles viruses isolated in Victoria, Australia, between 1973 and 1998. Journal of General Virology 81:2511–2518
    [Google Scholar]
  3. De Swart R. L., El Mubarak H. S., Vos H. W., Mustafa O. A., Abdallah A., Groen J., Mukhtar M. M., Zijlstra E. E., El Hassan A. M., Wild T. F., Ibrahim S. A., Osterhaus A. D. M. E. 2001a; Prevention of measles in Sudan: a prospective study on vaccination, diagnosis and epidemiology. Vaccine 19:2254–2257
    [Google Scholar]
  4. De Swart R. L., Nur Y., Abdallah A., Kruining H., El Mubarak H. S., Ibrahim S. A., van den Hoogen B., Groen J., Osterhaus A. D. M. E. 2001b; Combination of reverse transcriptase PCR analysis and immunoglobulin M detection on filter paper blood samples allows diagnostic and epidemiological studies of measles. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:270–273
    [Google Scholar]
  5. El Mubarak H. S., Van de Bildt M. W. G., Mustafa O. A., Vos H. W., Mukhtar M. M., Groen J., El Hassan A. M., Niesters H. G. M., Ibrahim S. A., Zijlstra E. E., Wild T. F., Osterhaus A. D. M. E., De Swart R. L. 2000; Serological and virological characterization of clinically diagnosed cases of measles in suburban Khartoum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:987–991
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Felsenstein J. 1993 Phylip (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.5c. Distributed by the author Department of Genetics, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA:
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Hanses F., Truong A. T., Ammerlaan W., Ikusika O., Adu F., Oyefolu A. O., Omilabu S. A., Muller C. P. 1999; Molecular epidemiology of Nigerian and Ghanaian measles virus isolates reveals a genotype circulating widely in western and central Africa. Journal of General Virology 80:871–877
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Hanses F., Van Binnendijk R. S., Ammerlaan W., Truong A. T., De Rond L., Schneider F., Muller C. P. 2000; Genetic variability of measles viruses circulating in the Benelux. Archives of Virology 145:541–551
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Kreis S., Vardas E., Whistler T. 1997; Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid gene of measles virus isolates from South Africa identifies a new genotype. Journal of General Virology 78:1581–1587
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Liffick S. L., Thoung N. T., Xu W., Li Y., Lien H. P., Bellini W. J., Rota P. A. 2001; Genetic characterization of contemporary wild-type measles viruses from Vietnam and the People’s Republic of China: identification of two genotypes within clade H. Virus Research 77:81–87
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Mori T., Sasaki K., Hashimoto H., Makino S. 1993; Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of genomic RNA of the AIK-C strain of attenuated measles virus. Virus Genes 7:67–81
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Rima B. K., Earle J. A. P., Yeo R. P., Herlihy L., Baczko K., ter Meulen V., Carabana J., Caballero M., Celma M. L., Fernandez-Munoz R. 1995; Temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes. Journal of General Virology 76:1173–1180
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Rima B. K., Earle J. A. P., Baczko K., ter Meulen V., Liebert U. G., Carstens C., Carabana J., Caballero M., Celma M. L., Fernandez-Munoz R. 1997; Sequence divergence of measles virus haemagglutinin during natural evolution and adaptation to cell culture. Journal of General Virology 78:97–106
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Rota P. A., Bloom A. E., Vanchiere J. A., Bellini W. J. 1994; Evolution of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes of wild-type strains of measles virus isolated from recent epidemics. Virology 198:724–730
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Rota J. S., Heath J. L., Rota P. A., King G. E., Celma M. L., Carabana J., Fernandez-Munoz R., Brown D., Jin L., Bellini W. J. 1996; Molecular epidemiology of measles virus: identification of pathways of transmission and implications for measles elimination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 173:32–37
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989; Small scale preparations of plasmid DNA. In Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual , 2nd edn. pp. 1.25–1.31 Edited by Nolan C., Ford N., Ferguson M. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Schneider-Schaulies S., ter Meulen V. 1999; Measles virus (Paramyxoviridae. In Encyclopedia of Virology pp 952–960 Edited by Granoff A., Webster R. G. New York & London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Taylor M. J., Godfrey E., Baczko K., ter Meulen V., Wild T. F., Rima B. K. 1991; Identification of several different lineages of measles virus. Journal of General Virology 72:83–88
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Truong A. T., Kreis S., Ammerlaan W., Hartter H. K., Adu F., Omilabu S. A., Oyefolu A. O., Berbers G. A. M., Muller C. P. 1999; Genotypic and antigenic characterization of African measles virus isolates. Virus Research 62:89–95
    [Google Scholar]
  20. UNICEF 2000 The State of the World’s Children 2000 New York: UNICEF;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. WHO 1998; Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Standardization of the nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses. Weekly Epidemiological Record 73:265–272
    [Google Scholar]
  22. WHO 2001; Nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses (update. Weekly Epidemiological Record 76:242–251
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Xu W., Tamin A., Rota J. S., Zhang L., Bellini W. J., Rota P. A. 1998; New genetic group of measles virus isolated in the People’s Republic of China. Virus Research 54:147–156
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error