1887

Abstract

Serotype O is the most prevalent of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus and occurs in many parts of the world. The UPGMA method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences at the 3′ end of the VP1 gene from 105 FMD type O viruses obtained from samples submitted to the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD. This analysis identified eight major genotypes when a value of 15% nucleotide difference was used as a cut-off. The validity of these groupings was tested on the complete VP1 gene sequences of 23 of these viruses by bootstrap resampling and construction of a neighbour-joining tree. These eight genetic lineages fell within geographical boundaries and we have used the term topotype to describe them. Using a large sequence database, the distribution of viruses belonging to each of the eight topotypes has been determined. These phylogenetically based epidemiological studies have also been used to identify viruses that have transgressed their normal ecological niches. Despite the high rate of mutation during replication of the FMD virus genome, the topotypes appear to represent evolutionary cul-de-sacs.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-3-609
2001-03-01
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/82/3/0820609a.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-3-609&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Acharya R., Fry E., Stuart D., Fox G., Rowlands D., Brown F. 1989; The three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus at 2·9 Å resolution. Nature 337:709–716
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aktas S., Samuel A. R. 2000; Identification of antigenic epitopes on the foot and mouth disease virus isolate O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 using monoclonal antibodies. Revue scientifique et technique de l’Office International des Epizooties 19:744–753
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon. 1999 OIE Disease Information 26th March 1999, Vol, 12, no. 11 4 pp
  4. Ansell D. M., Samuel A. R., Carpenter W. C., Knowles N. J. 1994; Genetic relationships between foot-and-mouth disease type Asia 1 viruses. Epidemiology and Infection 112:213–224
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Armstrong R. M., Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Uluturk S. 1992 Genetic studies on foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated from samples collected in Turkey. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Berne, Switzerland: pp 64–69 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Armstrong R. M., Samuel A. R., Carpenter W. C., Kant Rama, Knowles N. J. 1994; A comparative study of serological and biochemical methods for strain differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Veterinary Microbiology 39:285–298
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Beck E., Strohmaier K. 1987; Subtyping of European foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by nucleotide sequence determination. Journal of Virology 61:1621–1629
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brooksby J. B., Rogers J. 1957; Methods used in typing the virus of foot-and-mouth disease at Pirbright, 1950–1955. In Methods of Typing and Cultivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus project 208 of OEEC; Paris: pp 31–34
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Carrillo C., Dopazo J., Moya A., Gonzalez M., Martínez M. A., Saiz J. C., Sobrino F. 1990; Comparison of vaccine strains and the virus causing the 1986 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Spain: epizootiological analysis. Virus Research 15:45–56
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cheung A., Delamarter J., Weiss S., Kuepper H. 1983; Comparison of the major antigenic determinants of different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virology 48:451–459
    [Google Scholar]
  11. De Castro M. P. 1964; Behaviour of the foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell cultures: susceptibility of the IB-RS-2 line. Archives do Instituto Biológico, Sao Paulo 31:63–78
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Dolja V. V., Carrington J. C. 1992; Evolution of positive strand RNA viruses. Seminars in Virology 3:315–326
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Domingo E., Dopazo J., Rodrigo M. J., Rodriguez A., Saiz J. C., Sabrino F. 1995; Aphthovirus evolution. In Molecular Basis of Virus Evolution pp 310–320 Edited by Gibbs A. J., Calisher C. H., Garcia-Arenal F. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Felsenstein J. 1985; Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Felsenstein J. 1993 PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package) version 3.5c. Distributed by the author, Department of Genetics University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA:
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Forss S., Strebel K., Beck E., Schaller H. 1984; Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nucleic Acids Research 12:6587–6601
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hedger R. S. 1981; Foot-and-mouth disease. In Infectious Diseases of Wild Animals . pp 87–96 Edited by Davis J. W., Karstad L. H., Trainer D. O. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press;
  18. Kimura M. 1983 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
  19. King A. M. Q., Underwood B. O., McCahon D., Newman J. W. I., Brown F. 1981; Biochemical identification of viruses causing the 1981 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK. Nature 293:479–480
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Knowles N. J. 1990 A method for direct nucleotide sequencing of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA for epidemiological studies. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease , Lindholm, Denmark, Appendix 06-112 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Knowles N. J., Hedger R. S. 1985; A study of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their structural polypeptides. Veterinary Microbiology 10:347–357
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Knowles N. J., Samuel A. R. 1990; Molecular and antigenic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease type C viruses isolated from outbreaks in Italy during 1988 and 1989. . . Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease , . Lindholm, Denmark: Appendix 22122–128 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Knowles N. J., Samuel A. R. 1993; The definition and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus genotypes. Paper presented at 124th Meeting of the Society for General Microbiology, Virus Group Workshop on Molecular Epidemiology. University of Kent; Canterbury: 6th January 1993
  24. Knowles N. J., Samuel A. R. 1995 Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cycle sequencing of the 1D (VP1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease held jointly with the FMD Sub-group of the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the Commission of the European Community Mödling, Vienna, Austria: Appendix 845–53 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Knowles N. J., Marquardt O., Samuel A. R. 1988; Antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates from recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the Federal Republic of Germany. . . Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease , . Prague, Czechoslovakia, : Appendix 24149–154 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Knowles N. J., Samuel A. R., Davies P. R., Kitching R. P., Venkataramanan R., Kanno T., Scherbakov A. V., Drygin V. V., Zhao Q.-Z., Xie Q.-G. 2000; Emergence of a pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Borovets, Bulgaria: Appendix 120–31 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Knowles N. J., Davies P. R., Henry T., O’Donnell V., Pacheco J. M., Mason P. W. 2001; Emergence in Asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: characterization of alterations in the 3A protein. Journal of Virology 72:1551–1556
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Krebs O., Marquardt O. 1992; Identification and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 Burgwedel/1987 as an intertypic recombinant. Journal of General Virology 73:613–619
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Krebs O., Berger H.-G., Marquardt O. 1991a; The capsid protein-coding sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus O2 Brescia. Archives of Virology 120135–143
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Krebs O., Berger H.-G., Niedbalski W., Marquardt O. 1991b; Foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 Lombardy is biochemically related to O2 isolates. Virus Genes 5:255–266
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Leister D., Adam K.-H., Marquardt O. 1993; Co-replication of several isotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of General Virology 74:2753–2757
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Malirat V., Auge de Mello P., Tiraboschi B., Beck E., Gomes I., Bergmann I. E. 1994; Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in cattle. Virus Research 34:31–48
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Marquardt O., Adam K.-H. 1988; Sequences of capsid protein VP1 of two type A foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Virus Genes 2:283–291
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Marquardt O., Adam K.-H. 1990; FMDV subtyping by sequencing VP1 genes. Advances in Veterinary Virology: Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the European Society for Veterinary Virology . Liege: 1989 Veterinary Microbiology 23:175–183
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Marquardt O., Krebs O. 1992; Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease near Hannover in 1987 and 1989: evidence for two strains of virus. Tierärztliche Umschau 47:137–140
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Martínez M. A., Carrillo C., Plana J., Mascarella R., Bergada J., Palma E. L., Domingo E., Sobrino F. 1988; Genetic and immunogenic variations among closely related isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Gene 62:75–84
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Martínez M. A., Dopazo J., Hernandez J., Mateu M. J., Sobrino F., Domingo E., Knowles N. J. 1992; Evolution of the capsid protein genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus: antigenic variation without accumulation of amino acid substitutions over six decades. Journal of Virology 66:3557–3565
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Murray V. 1989; Improved double-stranded DNA sequencing using the linear polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research 17:8889
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Page R. D. M. 1996; TREEVIEW: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12:357–358
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Pattnaik B., Venkataramanan R., Tosh C., Sanyal A., Hemadri D., Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Kitching R. P. 1998; Genetic heterogeneity of Indian field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O as revealed by partial sequencing of 1D gene. Virus Research 55:115–127
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Piccone M. E., Kaplan G., Giavedoni L., Domingo E., Palma E. L. 1988; VP1 of serotype C foot-and-mouth disease viruses: long-term conservation of sequences. Journal of Virology 62:1469–1473
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Rico-Hesse R., Pallansch M. A., Nottay B. K., Kew O. M. 1987; Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes. Virology 160:311–322
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Rieder Rojas E., Carrillo E., Schiappacassi M., Campos R. 1992; Modification of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 Caseros after serial passages in the presence of antiviral polyclonal sera. Journal of Virology 66:3368–3372
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Saitou N., Nei M. 1987; The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4:406–425
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Saiz J., Sobrino F., Dopazo J. 1993; Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O. Journal of General Virology 74:2281–2285
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Kitching R. P. 1988; Serological and biochemical analysis of some recent type A foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from the Middle East. Epidemiology and Infection 101:577–590
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Kitching R. P. 1990; Preliminary molecular analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in the Middle East. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease , Lindholm, Denmark. Appendix 24:133–138 Rome: FAO;
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Samuel A. R., Ansell D. M., Rendle R. T., Armstrong R. M., Davidson F. L., Knowles N. J., Kitching R. P. 1993; Genetic and antigenic studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O from Bulgaria in 1991. Revue scientifique et technique de l’Office International des Epizooties 12:839–848
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Kitching R. P., Hafez S. M. 1997; Molecular analysis of type O foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Saudi Arabia between 1983 and 1995. Epidemiology and Infection 119:381–389
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Mackay D. K. J. 1999; Genetic analysis of type O viruses responsible for epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in North Africa. Epidemiology and Infection 122:529–538
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Singh M., Mohan B. M., Suryanarayana V. V. S. 1996; Serological and molecular analysis of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from disease outbreaks in India during 1987–91. Virus Research 43:45–55
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Sobrino F., Martínez M. A., Carrillo C., Beck E. 1989; Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C during propagation in the field is mainly restricted to only one structural protein (VP1). Virus Research 14:273–280
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Stram Y., Chai D., Fawzy H., Molad T., Meiri N., Van-Ham M., El-Kilani S., Fahamy F., Moussa A., Yadin H. 1995; Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Israel in 1994 and in other Middle-Eastern countries in the years 1992–1994. Archives of Virology 140:1791–1797
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Thevasagayam S. J. 1996; Molecular and serological characterisation of South African Territory (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) . PhD thesis University of Hertfordshire; UK:
  55. Thompson J. D., Gibson T. J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., Higgins D. G. 1997; The CLUSTAL X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25:4876–4882
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Vosloo W., Knowles N. J., Thomson G. R. 1992; Genetic relationships between southern African SAT-2 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiology and Infection 109:547–558
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Weddell G. N., Yansura D. G., Dowbenko D. J., Hoatlin M. E., Grubman M. J., Moore D. M., Kleid D. G. 1985; Sequence variation in the gene for the immunogenic capsid protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 82:2618–2622
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Woodbury E. L., Samuel A. R., Knowles N. J., Hafez S. M., Kitching R. P. 1994; Analysis of mixed foot-and-mouth disease virus infections in Saudi Arabia: prolonged circulation of an exotic serotype. Epidemiology and Infection 112:201–211
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-3-609
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-3-609
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error