1887

Abstract

We determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two poorly characterized strains of Borna disease virus (BDV) and compared them to reference strains V and He/80. Strain H1766 was almost 98% and 95% identical to strains V and He/80, respectively, whereas strain No/98 was only about 81% identical to both reference strains. In contrast to earlier reports, we found an additional A residue at the extreme 3′-end of the single-stranded RNA genome in all four BDV strains. The exact numbers of nucleotides in the four BDV genomes could not be determined due to a micro-heterogeneity at the 5′-end. If our longest sequence is a correct copy of the viral RNA, the two ends of the BDV genome would show almost perfect complementarity. All three transcription start sites, all four termination sites, both splice donor sites and both major splice acceptor sites are highly conserved, whereas a minor alternative splice acceptor site is not. The L protein of No/98 differs at 7% of its amino acid positions from the polymerase in the other strains, with most differences mapping to the C-terminal moiety of the molecule. Re-evaluation of L protein sequences of strains V and He/80 revealed differences at several positions compared to published information, indicating that variant forms of the viral polymerase have previously been characterized. These results are important because correct structures of genome ends and of the polymerase gene are the most critical parameters for the future development of techniques that will permit the genetic manipulation of BDV.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2681
2001-11-01
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/82/11/0822681a.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2681&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Briese T., de la Torre J. C., Lewis A., Ludwig H., Lipkin W. I. 1992; Borna disease virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, transcribes in the nucleus of infected cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89:11486–11489
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Briese T., Schneemann A., Lewis A. J., Park Y.-S., Kim S., Ludwig H., Lipkin W. I. 1994; Genomic organization of Borna disease virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91:4362–4366
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Calain P., Roux L. 1993; The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA. Journal of Virology 67:4822–4830
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Conzelmann K. 1998; Nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses: genetics and manipulation of viral genomes. Annual Review of Genetics 32:123–162
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Cubitt B., de la Torre J. C. 1994; Borna disease virus (BDV), a nonsegmented RNA virus, replicates in the nuclei of infected cells where infectious BDV ribonucleoproteins are present. Journal of Virology 68:1371–1381
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Cubitt B., Oldstone C., de la Torre J. C. 1994a; Sequence and genome organization of Borna disease virus. Journal of Virology 68:1382–1396
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Cubitt B., Oldstone C., Valcarcel J., Carlos de la Torre J. 1994b; RNA splicing contributes to the generation of mature mRNAs of Borna disease virus, a non-segmented negative strand RNA virus. Virus Research 34:69–79
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cubitt B., Ly C., de la Torre J. C. 2001; Identification and characterization of a new intron in Borna disease virus. Journal of General Virology 82:641–646
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Formella S., Jehle C., Sauder C., Staeheli P., Schwemmle M. 2000; Sequence variability of Borna disease virus: resistance to superinfection may contribute to high genome stability in persistently infected cells. Journal of Virology 74:7878–7883
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Garcin D., Lezzi M., Dobbs M., Elliott R. M., Schmaljohn C., Kang C. Y., Kolakofsky D. 1995; The 5′ ends of Hantaan virus (Bunyaviridae) RNAs suggest a prime-and-realign mechanism for the initiation of RNA synthesis. Journal of Virology 69:5754–5762
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Jehle C., Lipkin W. I., Staeheli P., Marion R. M., Schwemmle M. 2000; Authentic Borna disease virus transcripts are spliced less efficiently than cDNA-derived viral RNAs. Journal of General Virology 81:1947–1954
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Kobayashi T., Watanabe M., Kamitani W., Tomonaga K., Ikuta K. 2000; Translation initiation of a bicistronic mRNA of Borna disease virus: a 16-kDa phosphoprotein is initiated at an internal start codon. Virology 277:296–305
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Meyer B., Schmaljohn C. 2000; Accumulation of terminally deleted RNAs may play a role in Seoul virus persistence. Journal of Virology 74:1321–1331
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Nakamura Y., Nakaya T., Hagiwara K., Momiyama N., Kagawa Y., Taniyama H., Ishihara C., Sata T., Kurata T., Ikuta K. 1999; High susceptibility of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) to Borna disease virus. Vaccine 17:480–489
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Nakamura Y., Takahashi H., Shoya Y., Nakaya T., Watanabe M., Tomonaga K., Iwahashi K., Ameno K., Momiyama N., Taniyama H., Sata T., Kurata T., de la Torre J. C., Ikuta K. 2000; Isolation of Borna disease virus from human brain tissue. Journal of Virology 74:4601–4611
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Nowotny N., Kolodziejek J., Jehle C., Suchy A., Staeheli P., Schwemmle M. 2000; Isolation of a new subtype of Borna disease virus. Journal of Virology 74:5655–5658
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Richt J. A., Rott R. 2001; Borna disease virus: a mystery as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Veterinary Journal 161:24–40
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Rott R., Becht H. 1995; Natural and experimental Borna disease in animals. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 190:17–30
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Sanchez A., Trappier S. G., Mahy B. W., Peters C. J., Nichol S. T. 1996; The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93:3602–3607
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Schneemann A., Schneider P. A., Kim S., Lipkin W. I. 1994; Identification of signal sequences that control transcription of Borna disease virus, a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. Journal of Virology 68:6514–6522
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Schneider P. A., Briese T., Zimmermann W., Ludwig H., Lipkin W. I. 1994a; Sequence conservation in field and experimental isolates of Borna disease virus. Journal of Virology 68:63–68
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Schneider P. A., Schneemann A., Lipkin W. I. 1994b; RNA splicing in Borna disease virus, a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus. Journal of Virology 68:5007–5012
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Schneider P. A., Kim R., Lipkin W. I. 1997; Evidence for translation of the Borna disease virus G protein by leaky ribosomal scanning and ribosomal reinitiation. Journal of Virology 71:5614–5619
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Schwemmle M., Hatalski C. G., Lewis A. J., Lipkin W. I. 1999; Borna virus. In Persistent Viral Infections pp 559–573 Edited by Ahmed R., Chen I. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons;
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Shoya Y., Kobayashi T., Koda T., Lai P. K., Tanaka H., Koyama T., Ikuta K., Kakinuma M., Kishi M. 1997; Amplification of a full-length Borna disease virus (BDV) cDNA from total RNA of cells persistently infected with BDV. Microbiology and Immunology 41:481–486
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Staeheli P., Sauder C., Hausmann J., Ehrensberger F., Schwemmle M. 2000; Epidemiology of Borna disease virus. Journal of General Virology 81:2123–2135
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Stitz L., Bilzer T., Richt J. A., Rott R. 1993; Pathogenesis of Borna disease. Archives of Virology. Suppl 7:135–151
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Tomonaga K., Kobayashi T., Lee B. J., Watanabe M., Kamitani W., Ikuta K. 2000; Identification of alternative splicing and negative splicing activity of a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, Borna disease virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:12788–12793
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Walker M. P., Jordan I., Briese T., Fischer N., Lipkin W. I. 2000; Expression and characterization of the Borna disease virus polymerase. Journal of Virology 74:4425–4428
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Wehner T., Ruppert A., Herden C., Frese K., Becht H., Richt J. A. 1997; Detection of a novel Borna disease virus-encoded 10 kDa protein in infected cells and tissues. Journal of General Virology 78:2459–2466
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Yang Z., Delgado R., Xu L., Todd R. F., Nabel E. G., Sanchez A., Nabel G. J. 1998; Distinct cellular interactions of secreted and transmembrane Ebola virus glycoproteins. Science 279:1034–1037
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2681
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2681
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error