1887

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a member of the genus within the family . In this report, protein localization studies were performed to assess the mechanism for the release of mature virus particles from infected cells. Since BVDV is an enveloped virus, budding from either intra- or extracellular membranes is feasible. A prerequisite for the latter mechanism is the integration of viral glycoproteins into the host cell membrane. Using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins E2 and E, no specific signals were detected on the surface of BVDV-infected cells by indirect fluorescence, confocal microscopy or fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses. Furthermore, biotin-labelled cell surface proteins of virus-infected and non-infected cells were not detected by immunoprecipitation using MAbs directed against E and E2 or the non-structural protein NS2-3. None of these proteins was detected on the cell surface. In addition, to analyse the intracellular localization of the two viral glycoproteins E and E2 and the non-structural proteins NS2-3 and NS3, subcellular fractionation of virus-infected cells followed by radioimmunoprecipitation with the MAbs were performed. These results led to the conclusion that the BVDV envelope glycoproteins E and E2 as well as the non-structural proteins NS2-3 and NS3 were almost quantitatively associated with intracellular membranes. These findings indicate that BVDV is released by budding into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and that there seems to be no correlation between the location and function of the analysed proteins.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2597
2001-11-01
2024-11-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/82/11/0822597a.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2597&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Baker J. A., York C. J., Gillespie J. H., Mitchell G. B. 1954; Virus diarrhea in cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 15:525–553
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Beer M., Wolf G. 1999; Selection of BVDV genotype II isolates using a monoclonal antibody and FACS analysis. Berliner und Muenchener Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 112:345–350 (in German
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Birdwell C. R., Strauss J. H. 1974; Replication of Sindbis virus. IV. Electron microscope study of the insertion of viral glycoproteins into the surface of infected chick cells. Journal of Virology 14:366–374
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bolin S. R., McClurkin A. W., Cutlip R. C., Coria M. F. 1985; Severe clinical disease induced in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus by superinfection with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46:573–576
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bolin S. R., Moennig V., Kelso-Gourley V., Ridpath J. 1988; Monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity segregate isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus into groups. Archives of Virology 99:117–123
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brownlie J., Clarke M. C., Howard C. J. 1984; Experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle. Veterinary Record 114:535–536
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Cay B., Chappuis G., Coulibaly C., Dinter Z., Edwards S., Greiser-Wilke I., Gunn M., Have P., Hess G., Juntti N., Liess B., Mateo A., McHugh P., Moennig V., Nettleton P., Wensvoort G. 1989; Comparative analysis of monoclonal antibodies against pestiviruses: report of an international workshop. Veterinary Microbiology 20:123–129
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Collett M. S., Wiskerchen M. A., Welniak E., Belzer S. K. 1991; Bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic organization. Archives of Virology. Supplementum 3:19–27
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Collett M. S., Wiskirchen M. A., Welniak E., Belzer S. K. 1994; Standardization of the nomenclature of pestiviruses, as suggested by the Flaviviridae study group of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Circular letter 12 September 1994
    [Google Scholar]
  10. De Duve C. 1971; Tissue fractionation past and present. Journal of Cell Biology 50:20–55
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Donis R. O., Dubovi E. J. 1987; Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus-specific proteins in bovine cells. Journal of General Virology 68:1597–1605
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Elbers K., Tautz N., Becher P., Stoll D., Rumenapf T., Thiel H. J. 1996; Processing in the pestivirus E2–NS2 region: identification of proteins p7 and E2p7. Journal of Virology 70:4131–4135
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gillespie J. H., Baker J. A., McEntee K. 1960; A cytopathogenic strain of virus diarrhea virus. Cornell Veterinarian 50:73–79
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Gonzalez-Cerezo H., Dalziel K. 1975; l-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase from beef liver. Methods in Enzymology 41:259–264
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gray E. W., Nettleton P. F. 1987; The ultrastructure of cell cultures infected with border disease and bovine virus diarrhoea viruses. Journal of General Virology 68:2339–2346
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Greiser-Wilke I., Moennig V. 1987; Monoclonal antibodies and characterization of epitopes of smooth Brucella lipopolysaccharides. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur Microbiology 138:549–560
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Greiser-Wilke I. M., Moennig V., Kaaden O. R., Shope R. E. 1991a; Detection of alphaviruses in a genus-specific antigen capture enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:131–137
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Greiser-Wilke I., Dittmar K. E., Liess B., Moennig V. 1991b; Immunofluorescence studies of biotype-specific expression of bovine viral diarrhoea virus epitopes in infected cells. Journal of General Virology 72:2015–2019
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Greiser-Wilke I., Haas L., Dittmar K. E., Liess B., Moennig V. 1993; RNA insertions and gene duplications in the nonstructural protein p125 region of pestivirus strains and isolates in vitro and in vivo. Virology 193:977–980
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Grumbach I. M., Veh R. W. 1991; Sulpho- N -hydroxysuccinimide activated long chain biotin. A new microtitre plate assay for the determination of its stability at different pH values and its reaction rate with protein bound amino groups. Journal of Immunological Methods 140:205–210
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Grummer B., Moennig V., Greiser-Wilke I. 1998; Cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea viruses induce apoptosis in infected bovine cell cultures. Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 105:29–31 (in German
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kim J. E., Song W. K., Chung K. M., Back S. H., Jang S. K. 1999; Subcellular localization of hepatitis C viral proteins in mammalian cells. Archives of Virology 144:329–343
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lee C. Y., Yuan J. H., Goldberg E. 1982; Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes from mouse. Methods in Enzymology 89:351–358
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ludtke B., Jung K., Egger E. 1975; The determination of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the serum by means of a colorimetric test under improved conditions at 37 °C. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Labortechnik 16:104–108 (in German
    [Google Scholar]
  25. McNulty M. S., Curran W. L., McFerran J. B. 1976; The morphogenesis of a cytopathic bovine rotavirus in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. Journal of General Virology 33:503–508
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Meyers G., Rumenapf T., Thiel H.-J. 1989; Ubiquitin in a togavirus. Nature 341:491
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Meyers G., Rumenapf T., Tautz N., Dubovi E. J., Thiel H.-J. 1991; Insertion of cellular sequences in the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Archives of Virology. Supplementum 3:133–142
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Meyers G., Tautz N., Stark R., Brownlie J., Dubovi E. J., Collett M. S., Thiel H.-J. 1992; Rearrangement of viral sequences in cytopathogenic pestiviruses. Virology 191:368–386
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Muramatsu S., Ishido S., Fujita T., Itoh M., Hotta H. 1997; Nuclear localization of the NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus and factors affecting the localization. Journal of Virology 71:4954–4961
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Pestova T. V., Hellen C. U. 1999; Internal initiation of translation of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA. Virology 258:249–256
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Poole T. L., Wang C., Popp R. A., Potgieter L. N. D., Siddiqui A., Collett M. S. 1995; Pestivirus translation initiation occurs by internal ribosome entry. Virology 206:750–754
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Purchio A. F., Larson R., Collett M. S. 1984; Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins. Journal of Virology 50:666–669
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Qi F., Ridpath J. F., Lewis T., Bolin S. R., Berry E. S. 1992; Analysis of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome for possible cellular insertions. Virology 189:285–292
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Rumenapf T., Unger G., Strauss J. H., Thiel H.-J. 1993; Processing of the envelope glycoproteins of pestiviruses. Journal of Virology 67:3288–3294
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Rumenapf T., Thiel H.-J., Moennig V., Mueller K. 2000; CD46 is a receptor for the pestivirus BVDV on bovine cells. 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Virology (Colorado State University, Fort Collins); Colorado, USA: 8–12 July 2000 Abstract W18–7
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Santolini E., Pacini L., Fipaldini C., Migliaccio G., Monica N. 1995; The NS2 protein of hepatitis C virus is a transmembrane polypeptide. Journal of Virology 12:7461–7471
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Schelp C., Greiser-Wilke I., Wolf G., Beer M., Moennig V., Liess B. 1995; Identification of cell membrane proteins linked to susceptibility to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Archives of Virology 140:1997–2009
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Schelp C., Greiser-Wilke I., Moennig V. 2000; An actin-binding protein is involved in pestivirus entry into bovine cells. Virus Research 68:1–5
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Serafino A., Valli M. B., Alessandrini A., Ponzetto A., Carloni G., Bertolini L. 1997; Ultrastructural observations of viral particles within hepatitis C virus-infected human B lymphoblastoid cell line. Research in Virology 148:153–159
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Singer T. P. 1974; Determination of the activity of succinate, NADH, choline, and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases. Methods of Biochemical Analysis 22:123–175
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Tautz N., Meyers G., Thiel H.-J. 1993; Processing of poly-ubiquitin in the polyprotein of an RNA virus. Virology 197:74–85
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Weiland F., Weiland E., Unger G., Saalmüller A., Thiel H.-J. 1999; Localization of pestiviral envelope proteins Erns and E2 at the cell surface and on isolated particles. Journal of General Virology 80:1157–1165
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Wengler G., Bradley D. W., Collett M. S., Heinz F. X., Schlesinger R. W., Strauss J. H. 1995; Family Flaviviridae. In Virus Taxonomy. Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp 415–427 Edited by Murphy F. A., Fauquet C. M., Bishop D. H. L., Ghabriel S. A., Jarvis A. W., Martelli G. P., Mayo M. A., Summers M. D. Wien & New York: Springer-Verlag;
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Wiskerchen M., Collett M. S. 1991; Pestivirus gene expression: protein p80 of bovine viral diarrhea virus is a proteinase involved in polyprotein processing. Virology 184:341–350
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Wiskerchen M., Belzer S. K., Collett M. S. 1991; Pestivirus gene expression: the first protein product of the bovine viral diarrhea virus large open reading frame, p20, possesses proteolytic activity. Journal of Virology 65:4508–4514
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Woodman P. G., Edwardson J. M. 1986; A cell-free assay for the insertion of a viral glycoprotein into the plasma membrane. Journal of Cell Biology 103:1829–1835
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Zhang G., Aldridge S., Clarke M. C., McCauley J. W. 1996; Cell death induced by cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus is mediated by apoptosis. Journal of General Virology 77:1677–1681
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Zhao H., Garoff H. 1992; Role of cell surface spikes in alphavirus budding. Journal of Virology 66:7089–7095
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2597
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2597
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error