Epidemiology of Borna disease virus

References

1. Allmang U., Hofer M., Bechter K., Herzog S. M., Staeheli P. 2000; Low avidity of human sera to BDV antigens. Abstract. 1st UK Workshop on Borna Disease Virus Wales: March 23–24
   [Google Scholar]
2. Ashash E., Malkinson M., Meir R., Perl S., Weisman Y. 1996; Causes of losses including a Borna disease paralytic syndrome affecting young ostriches of one breeding organization over a five-year period (1989–1993). Avian Diseases 40:240–245
   [Google Scholar]
3. Auwanit W., Ayuthaya P. I., Nakaya T., Fujiwara S., Kurata T., Yamanishi K., Ikuta K. 1996; Unusually high seroprevalence of Borna disease virus in clade E human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Thailand. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 3:590–593
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bachmann S., Caplazi P., Fischer M., Ehrensperger F., Cone R. W. 1999; Lack of association between Borna disease virus infection and neurological disorders among HIV-infected individuals. Journal of Neurovirology 5:190–195
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bahmani M. K., Nowrouzian I., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Hagiwara K., Takahashi H., Rad M. A., Ikuta K. 1996; Varied prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in Arabic, thoroughbred and their cross-bred horses in Iran. Virus Research 45:1–13
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bechter K., Herzog S., Schüttler R. 1992; Possible significance of Borna disease for humans. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 1:23–29
   [Google Scholar]
7. Berg A. L., Berg M. 1998; A variant form of feline Borna disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 119:323–331
   [Google Scholar]
8. Berg A. L., Dörries R., Berg M. 1999; Borna disease virus infection in racing horses with behavioral and movement disorders. Archives of Virology 144:547–559
   [Google Scholar]
9. Berg A. L., Johansson M., Berg M. 2000; Borna disease in domestic cats and large felids. Abstract. 1st UK Workshop on Borna Disease Virus Wales: March 23–24
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bilzer T., Stitz L. 1996; Immunopathogenesis of virus diseases affecting the central nervous system. Critical Reviews in Immunology 16:145–222
    [Google Scholar]
11. Bilzer T., Planz O., Lipkin W. I., Stitz L. 1995; Presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and expression of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen in horses with Borna disease virus-induced encephalitis. Brain Pathology 5:223–230
    [Google Scholar]
12. Bilzer T., Grabner A., Stitz L. 1996; Immunpathologie der Borna-Krankheit beim Pferd: klinische, virologische und neuropathologische Befunde. Tierärztliche Praxis 24:567–576
    [Google Scholar]
13. Binz T., Lebelt J., Niemann H., Hagenau K. 1994; Sequence analysis of the p24 gene of Borna disease virus in naturally infected horse, donkey and sheep. Virus Research 34:281–289
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bode L., Riegel S., Ludwig H., Amsterdam J. D., Lange W., Koprowski H. 1988; Borna disease virus-specific antibodies in patients with HIV infection and with mental disorders. Lancet ii:689
    [Google Scholar]
15. Bode L., Riegel S., Lange W., Ludwig H. 1992; Human infections with Borna disease virus: seroprevalence in patients with chronic diseases and healthy individuals. Journal of Medical Virology 36:309–315
    [Google Scholar]
16. Bode L., Dürrwald R., Koeppel P., Ludwig H. 1994a; Neue Aspekte der equinen Borna-Virus-Infektion mit und ohne Krankheit. Diagnoseschema und Einsendeprotokoll. Der praktische Tierarzt 75:1065–1068
    [Google Scholar]
17. Bode L., Dürrwald R., Ludwig H. 1994b; Borna virus infections in cattle associated with fatal neurological disease. Veterinary Record 135:283–284
    [Google Scholar]
18. Bode L., Zimmermann W., Ferszt R., Steinbach F., Ludwig H. 1995; Borna disease virus genome transcribed and expressed in psychiatric patients. Nature Medicine 1:232–236
    [Google Scholar]
19. Bode L., Dürrwald R., Rantam F. A., Ferszt R., Ludwig H. 1996; First isolates of infectious human Borna disease virus from patients with mood disorders. Molecular Psychiatry 1:200–212
    [Google Scholar]
20. Bornand J. V., Fatzer R., Melzer K., Jmaa D. G., Caplazi P., Ehrensperger F. 1998; A case of Borna disease in a cat. European Journal of Veterinary Pathology 4:33–35
    [Google Scholar]
21. Briese T., Hornig M., Lipkin W. I. 1999; Bornavirus immunopathogenesis in rodents: models for human neurological diseases. Journal of Neurovirology 5:604–612
    [Google Scholar]
22. Caplazi P., Ehrensperger F. 1998; Spontaneous Borna disease in sheep and horses: immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells and detection of MHC-I and MHC-II antigen expression in Borna encephalitis lesions. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 61:203–220
    [Google Scholar]
23. Caplazi P., Waldvogel A., Stitz L., Braun U., Ehrensperger F. 1994; Borna disease in naturally infected cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology 111:65–72
    [Google Scholar]
24. Caplazi P., Melzer K., Goetzmann R., Rohner-Cotti A., Bracher V., Zlinszky K., Ehrensperger F. 1999; Die ‘Bornasche Krankheit’. in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 141521–527
    [Google Scholar]
25. Carbone K. M., Duchala C. S., Griffin J. W., Kincaid A. L., Narayan O. 1987; Pathogenesis of Borna disease in rats: evidence that intra-axonal spread is the major route for virus dissemination and the determinant for disease incubation. Journal of Virology 61:3431–3440
    [Google Scholar]
26. Carbone K. M., Moench T. R., Lipkin W. I. 1991; Borna disease virus replicates in astrocytes, Schwann cells and ependymal cells in persistently infected rats: location of viral genomic and messenger RNAs by in situ hybridization. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 50:205–214
    [Google Scholar]
27. Chen C. H., Chiu Y. L., Shaw C. K., Tsai M. T., Hwang A. L., Hsiao K. J. 1999a; Detection of Borna disease virus RNA from peripheral blood cells in schizophrenic patients and mental health workers. Molecular Psychiatry 4:566–571
    [Google Scholar]
28. Chen C. H., Chiu Y. L., Wei F. C., Koong F. J., Liu H. C., Shaw C. K., Hwu H. G., Hsiao K. J. 1999b; High seroprevalence of Borna virus infection in schizophrenic patients, family members and mental health workers in Taiwan. Molecular Psychiatry 4:33–38
    [Google Scholar]
29. Czygan M., Hallensleben W., Hofer M., Pollak S., Sauder C., Bilzer T., Blümcke I., Riederer P., Bogerts B., Falkai P., Schwarz M. J., Masliah E., Staeheli P., Hufert F. T., Lieb K. 1999; Borna disease virus in human brains with a rare form of hippocampal degeneration but not in brains of patients with common neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of Infectious Diseases 180:1695–1699
    [Google Scholar]
30. de la Torre J. C. 1994; Molecular biology of Borna disease virus: prototype of a new group of animal viruses. Journal of Virology 68:7669–7675
    [Google Scholar]
31. de la Torre J. C., Gonzalez-Dunia D., Cubitt B., Mallory M., Mueller-Lantzsch N., Grässer F. A., Hansen L. A., Masliah E. 1996; Detection of Borna disease virus antigen and RNA in human autopsy brain samples from neuropsychiatric patients. Virology 223:272–282
    [Google Scholar]
32. Domingo E., Holland J. J. 1997; RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annual Review of Microbiology 51:151–178
    [Google Scholar]
33. Dürrwald R. 1993 Die natürliche Borna-Virus-Infektion der Einhufer und Schafe. Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie, zu neueren diagnostischen Methoden (ELISA, PCR) und zur Antikörperkinetik bei Pferden nach Vakzination mit Lebendimpfstoff Inaugural dissertation (Dr. med. vet.), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany:
    [Google Scholar]
34. Dürrwald R., Ludwig H. 1997; Borna disease virus (BDV), a (zoonotic?) worldwide pathogen. A review of the history of the disease and the virus infection with comprehensive bibliography. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 44:147–184
    [Google Scholar]
35. Formella S., Jehle C., Sauder C., Staeheli P., Schwemmle M. 2000; Sequence variability of Borna disease virus: resistance to superinfection may contribute to high genome stability in persistently infected cells. Journal of Virology (in press
    [Google Scholar]
36. Fu Z. F., Amsterdam J. D., Kao M., Shankar V., Koprowski H., Dietzschold B. 1993; Detection of Borna disease virus-reactive antibodies from patients with affective disorders by Western immunoblot technique. Journal of Affective Disorders 27:61–68
    [Google Scholar]
37. Gellert M. 1995; ‘Das Pferd ist anfänglich traurig’ – ein geschichtlicher Abriss der Bornaschen Krankheit. Tierärztliche Praxis 23:207–216
    [Google Scholar]
38. Goetzmann R. 2000 Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie der Borna Disease Virus Infektion bei Schafen und Ziegen aus einem Endemiegebiet mit Hilfe serologischer, histologischer, immunhistologischer und molekularbiologischer Methoden Inaugural dissertation (Dr. med. vet.) University of Zürich; Switzerland:
    [Google Scholar]
39. Gonzalez-Dunia D., Sauder C., de la Torre J. C. 1997; Borna disease virus and the brain. Brain Research Bulletin 44:647–664
    [Google Scholar]
40. Gosztonyi G., Ludwig H. 1984; Borna disease of horses. An immunohistological and virological study of naturally infected animals. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 64:213–221
    [Google Scholar]
41. Gosztonyi G., Ludwig H. 1995; Borna disease neuropathology and pathogenesis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 190:39–73
    [Google Scholar]
42. Gosztonyi G., Briese T., Bode L., Lipkin W. I., Ludwig H. 1991; Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of Borna disease virus-specific structures in the brain. Clinical Neuropathology 10:262
    [Google Scholar]
43. Grabner A., Fischer A. 1991; Symptomatologie und Diagnostik der Borna-Enzephalitis des Pferdes. Eine Fallanalyse der letzten 13 Jahre. Tierärztliche Praxis 19:68–73
    [Google Scholar]
44. Haga S., Motoi Y., Ikeda K. Japan Bornavirus Study Group 1997a; Borna disease virus and neuropsychiatric disorders. Lancet 350:592–593
    [Google Scholar]
45. Haga S., Yoshimura M., Motoi Y., Arima K., Aizawa T., Ikuta K., Tashiro M., Ikeda K. 1997b; Detection of Borna disease virus genome in normal human brain tissue. Brain Research 770:307–309
    [Google Scholar]
46. Hagiwara K., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Asahi S., Takahashi H., Ishihara C., Ikuta K. 1996; Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy dairy cattle. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 185:145–151
    [Google Scholar]
47. Hagiwara K., Kawamoto S., Takahashi H., Nakamura Y., Nakaya T., Hiramune T., Ishihara C., Ikuta K. 1997; High prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in healthy sheep in Japan. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 4:339–344
    [Google Scholar]
48. Heinig A. 1964; Zur experimentellen Infektion von Pferden und Schafen mit dem Virus der Bornaschen Krankheit. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 18:753–766
    [Google Scholar]
49. Heinig A. 1969; Die Bornasche Krankheit der Pferde und Schafe. In Handbuch der Virusinfektionen bei Tieren pp 83–148 Edited by Röhrer H. Jena: Fischer;
    [Google Scholar]
50. Herden C., Herzog S., Richt J. A., Nesseler A., Christ M., Failing K., Frese K. 2000; Distribution of Borna disease virus in the brain of rats infected with an obesity-inducing virus strain. Brain Pathology 10:39–48
    [Google Scholar]
51. Herzog S., Frese K., Rott R. 1994; Ein Beitrag zur Epizootiologie der Bornaschen Krankheit beim Pferd. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 81:374–379
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hiepe T. 1960; Die Bedeutung der Liquoruntersuchung für die Neurodiagnostik bei Pferd und Schaf. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 7:152–159
    [Google Scholar]
53. Igata-Yi R., Yamaguchi K., Yoshiki K., Takemoto S., Yamasaki H., Matsuoka M., Miyakawa T. 1996; Borna disease virus and the consumption of raw horse meat. Nature Medicine 2:948–949
    [Google Scholar]
54. Iwahashi K., Watanabe M., Nakamura K., Suwaki H., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Takahashi H., Ikuta K. 1997; Clinical investigation of the relationship between Borna disease virus (BDV) infection and schizophrenia in 67 patients in Japan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 96:412–415
    [Google Scholar]
55. Iwahashi K., Watanabe M., Nakamura K., Suwaki H., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Takahashi H., Ikuta K. 1998; Positive and negative syndromes, and Borna disease virus infection in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 37:59–64
    [Google Scholar]
56. Iwata Y., Takahashi K., Peng X., Fukuda K., Ohno K., Ogawa T., Gonda K., Mori N., Niwa S.-I., Shigeta S. 1998; Detection and sequence analysis of Borna disease virus p24 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mood disorders or schizophrenia and of blood donors. Journal of Virology 72:10044–10049
    [Google Scholar]
57. Kao M., Hamir A. N., Rupprecht C. E., Fu Z. F., Shankar V., Koprowski H., Dietzschold B. 1993; Detection of antibodies against Borna disease virus in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of horses in the USA. Veterinary Record 132:241–244
    [Google Scholar]
58. Katz J. B., Alstad D., Jenny A. L., Carbone K. M., Rubin S. A., Waltrip R. W.II. 1998; Clinical, serologic, and histopathologic characterization of experimental Borna disease in ponies. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10:338–343
    [Google Scholar]
59. Kim Y. K., Kim S. H., Choi S. H., Ko Y. H., Kim L., Lee M. S., Suh K. Y., Kwak D. I., Song K. J., Lee Y. J., Yanagihara R., Song J. W. 1999; Failure to demonstrate Borna disease virus genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psychiatric patients in Korea. Journal of Neurovirology 5:196–199
    [Google Scholar]
60. Kishi M., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Kakinuma M., Takahashi T. A., Sekiguchi S., Uchikawa M., Tadokoro K., Ikeda K., Ikuta K. 1995a; Prevalence of Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from blood donors. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 184:135–138
    [Google Scholar]
61. Kishi M., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Zhong Q., Ikeda K., Senjo M., Kakinuma M., Kato S., Ikuta K. 1995b; Demonstration of human Borna disease virus RNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FEBS Letters 364:293–297
    [Google Scholar]
62. Kishi M., Arimura Y., Ikuta K., Shoya Y., Lai P. K., Kakinuma M. 1996; Sequence variability of Borna disease virus open reading frame II found in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Virology 70:635–640
    [Google Scholar]
63. Kitani T., Kuratsune H., Fuke I., Nakamura Y., Nakaya T., Asahi S., Tobiume M., Yamaguti K., Machii T., Inagi R., Yamanishi K., Ikuta K. 1996; Possible correlation between Borna disease virus infection and Japanese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiology and Immunology 40:459–462
    [Google Scholar]
64. Kubo K., Fujijoshi T., Yokoyama M. M., Kamei K., Richt J. A., Kitze B., Herzog S., Takigawa M., Sonoda S. 1997; Lack of association of Borna disease virus and human T-cell leukemia virus type I infections with psychiatric disorders among Japanese patients. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 4:189–194
    [Google Scholar]
65. Lange H., Herzog S., Herbst W., Schliesser T. 1987; Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen zur Bornaschen Krankheit (Ansteckende Gehirn-Rückenmarkentzündung) der Pferde. Tierärztliche Umschau 42:938–946
    [Google Scholar]
66. Lebelt J., Hagenau K. 1996; Die Verteilung des Bornavirus in natürlich infizierten Tieren mit klinischer Erkrankung. Berliner und Münchner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 109:178–183
    [Google Scholar]
67. Lieb K., Hallensleben W., Czygan M., Stitz L., Staeheli P. Bornavirus Study Group. 1997; No Borna disease virus-specific RNA detected in blood from psychiatric patients in different regions of Germany. Lancet 350:1002
    [Google Scholar]
68. Ludwig H., Kraft W., Kao M., Gosztonyi G., Dahme E., Krey H. 1985; Borna-Virus-Infektion (Borna-Krankheit) bei natürlich und experimentell infizierten Tieren: ihre Bedeutung für Forschung und Praxis. Tierärztliche Praxis 13:421–453
    [Google Scholar]
69. Lundgren A. L., Ludwig H. 1993; Clinically diseased cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis have Borna disease virus-specific antibodies. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 34:101–103
    [Google Scholar]
70. Lundgren A. L., Czech G., Bode L., Ludwig H. 1993; Natural Borna disease in domestic animals other than horses and sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 40:298–303
    [Google Scholar]
71. Lundgren A. L., Lindberg R., Ludwig H., Gosztonyi G. 1995a; Immunoreactivity of the central nervous system in cats with a Borna disease-like meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease). Acta Neuropathologica 90:184–193
    [Google Scholar]
72. Lundgren A. L., Zimmermann W., Bode L., Czech G., Gosztonyi G., Lindberg R., Ludwig H. 1995b; Staggering disease in cats: isolation and characterization of the feline Borna disease virus. Journal of General Virology 76:2215–2222
    [Google Scholar]
73. Malkinson M., Weisman Y., Ashash E., Bode L., Ludwig H. 1993; Borna disease in ostriches. Veterinary Record 133:304
    [Google Scholar]
74. Matthias D. 1958; Weitere Untersuchungen zur Bornaschen Krankheit der Pferde und Schafe. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 12:920–947
    [Google Scholar]
75. Melzer K. 1999 Untersuchung zur Aetiologie von ZNS-Erkrankungen bei der Katze in der Schweiz mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Borna Disease Virus Infektion Inaugural dissertation (Dr. med. vet.) University of Zürich; Switzerland:
    [Google Scholar]
76. Metzler A., Ehrensperger F., Wyler R. 1978; Natürliche Bornavirus-Infektion bei Kaninchen. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 25:161–164
    [Google Scholar]
77. Metzler A., Ehrensperger F., Danner K. 1979; Bornavirus-Infektion bei Schafen: Verlaufsuntersuchungen nach spontaner Infektion, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Antikörperkinetik im Serum und Liquor cerebrospinalis. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 121:37–48
    [Google Scholar]
78. Morales J. A. 1988 Immunhistologische Verlaufsuntersuchungen über die Ausbreitung des Virus der Bornaschen Krankheit bei der Lewis-Ratte nach perinataler intrazerebraler Infektion Inaugural dissertation (Dr. med. vet.) University of Gießen; Germany:
    [Google Scholar]
79. Morales J. A., Herzog S., Kompter C., Frese K., Rott R. 1988; Axonal transport of Borna disease virus along olfactory pathways in spontaneously and experimentally infected rats. Medical Microbiology & Immunology 177:51–68
    [Google Scholar]
80. Nakamura Y., Kishi M., Nakaya T., Asahi S., Tanaka H., Sentsui H., Ikeda K., Ikuta K. 1995; Demonstration of Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy horses in Japan. Vaccine 13:1076–1079
    [Google Scholar]
81. Nakamura Y., Asahi S., Nakaya T., Bahmani M. K., Saitoh S., Yasui K., Mayama H., Hagiwara K., Ishihara C., Ikuta K. 1996; Demonstration of Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from domestic cats in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:188–191
    [Google Scholar]
82. Nakamura Y., Watanabe M., Kamitani W., Taniyama H., Nakaya T., Nishimura Y., Tsujimoto H., Machida S., Ikuta K. 1999; High prevalence of Borna disease virus in domestic cats with neurological disorders in Japan. Veterinary Microbiology 70:153–169
    [Google Scholar]
83. Nakamura K., Takahashi H., Shoya Y., Nakaya T., Watanabe M., Tomonaga K., Iwahashi K., Ameno K., Momiyama N., Taniyama H., Sata T., Kurata T., de la Torre J. C., Ikuta K. 2000; Isolation of Borna disease virus from human brain. Journal of Virology 74:4601–4611
    [Google Scholar]
84. Nakaya T., Takahashi H., Nakamura Y., Asahi S., Tobiume M., Kuratsune H., Kitani T., Yamanishi K., Ikuta K. 1996; Demonstration of Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from Japanese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. FEBS Letters 378:145–149
    [Google Scholar]
85. Nakaya T., Takahashi H., Nakamur Y., Kuratsune H., Kitani T., Machii T., Yamanishi K., Ikuta K. 1999; Borna disease virus infection in two family clusters of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiology and Immunology 43:679–689
    [Google Scholar]
86. Nishino Y., Funaba M., Fukushima R., Mizutani T., Kimura T., Iizuka R., Hirami H., Hara M. 1999; Borna disease virus infection in domestic cats: evaluation by RNA and antibody detection. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61:1167–1170
    [Google Scholar]
87. Nowotny N., Weissenböck H. 1995; Description of feline nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (‘staggering disease’) and studies of its etiology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33:1668–1669
    [Google Scholar]
88. Nowotny N., Kolodziejek J. 2000; Demonstration of Borna disease virus nucleic acid in a patient suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Infectious Diseases 181:1860–1861
    [Google Scholar]
89. Nowotny N., Kolodziejek J., Jehle C. O., Suchy A., Staeheli P., Schwemmle M. 2000; Isolation and characterization of a new subtype of Borna disease virus. Journal of Virology 74:5655–5658
    [Google Scholar]
90. Nübling C. M., Löwer J., Kurth R. Bornavirus Study Group. 1999 Ringversuche zu PCR- bzw. serologischen Methoden für den Nachweis von Bornavirus. Abstract Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Virologie, Bremen, March 9–12
    [Google Scholar]
91. Otta J., Jentzsch K. D. 1960; Spontane Infektion mit dem Virus der Bornaschen Krankheit bei Kaninchen. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin 15:127–129
    [Google Scholar]
92. Planz O., Rentzsch C., Batra A., Rziha H. J., Stitz L. 1998; Persistence of Borna disease virus-specific nucleic acid in blood of psychiatric patient. Lancet 352:623
    [Google Scholar]
93. Planz O., Rentzsch C., Batra A., Winkler T., Buttner M., Rziha H. J., Stitz L. 1999; Pathogenesis of Borna disease virus: granulocyte fractions of psychiatric patients harbor infectious virus in the absence of antiviral antibodies. Journal of Virology 73:6251–6256
    [Google Scholar]
94. Reeves N. A., Helps C. R., Gunn-Moore D. A., Blundell C., Finnemore P. L., Pearson G. R., Harbour D. A. 1998; Natural Borna disease virus infection in cats in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 143:523–526
    [Google Scholar]
95. Richt J. A., Herzog S., Haberzettl K., Rott R. 1993; Demonstration of Borna disease virus-specific RNA in secretions of naturally infected horses by the polymerase chain reaction. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 182:293–304
    [Google Scholar]
96. Richt J. A., Alexander R. C., Herzog S., Hooper D. C., Kean R., Spitsin S., Bechter K., Schüttler R., Feldmann H., Heiske A., Fu Z. F., Dietzschold B., Rott R., Koprowski H. 1997; Failure to detect Borna disease virus infection in peripheral leucocytes from humans with psychiatric disorders. Journal of Neurovirology 3:174–178
    [Google Scholar]
97. Rohner-Cotti A. 1992 Untersuchungen zur Prävalenz der Bornavirusinfektion bei Schafen und Pferden in der Ostschweiz und dem Fürstentum Liechtenstein Inaugural dissertation (Dr. med. vet.) University of Zürich; Switzerland:
    [Google Scholar]
98. Rott R., Becht H. 1995; Natural and experimental Borna disease in animals. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 190:17–30
    [Google Scholar]
99. Rott R., Herzog S., Fleischer B., Winokur A., Amsterdam J., Dyson W., Koprowski H. 1985; Detection of serum antibodies to Borna disease virus in patients with psychiatric disorders. Science 228:755–756
    [Google Scholar]
100. Salvatore M., Morzunow S., Schwemmle M., Lipkin W. I. Bornavirus Study Group. 1997; Borna disease virus in brains of North American and European people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 349:1813–1814
     [Google Scholar]
101. Sauder C., de la Torre J. C. 1998; Sensitivity and reproducibility of RT–PCR to detect Borna disease virus (BDV) RNA in blood: implications for BDV epidemiology. Journal of Virological Methods 71:229–245
     [Google Scholar]
102. Sauder C., Müller A., Cubitt B., Mayer J., Steinmetz J., Trabert W., Ziegler B., Wanke K., Mueller-Lantzsch N., de la Torre J. C., Grässer F. A. 1996; Detection of Borna disease virus (BDV) antibodies and BDV RNA in psychiatric patients: evidence for high sequence conservation of human blood-derived BDV RNA. Journal of Virology 70:7713–7724
     [Google Scholar]
103. Schneemann A., Schneider P. A., Lamb R. A., Lipkin W. I. 1995; The remarkable coding strategy of Borna disease virus: a new member of the nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses. Virology 210:1–8
     [Google Scholar]
104. Schneider P. A., Briese T., Zimmermann W., Ludwig H., Lipkin W. I. 1994; Sequence conservation in field and experimental isolates of Borna disease virus. Journal of Virology 68:63–68
     [Google Scholar]
105. Schüppel K. F., Kinne J., Reinacher M. 1994; Bornavirus-Antigennachweis bei Alpakas ( Lama pakos ) sowie bei einem Faultier ( Choloepus didactylus ) und einem Zwergflußpferd ( Choeropsis liberiensis . Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 36. Internationalen Symposiums 36189–194
106. Schüppel K. F., Reinacher M., Lebelt J., Kulka D. 1995; Bornasche Krankheit bei Primaten. Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 37. Internationalen Symposiums 37115–120
107. Schwemmle M., Jehle C., Formella S., Staeheli P. 1999a; Sequence similarities between human bornavirus isolates and laboratory strains question human origin. Lancet 354:1973–1974
     [Google Scholar]
108. Schwemmle M., Hatalski C. G., Lewis A. J., Lipkin W. I. 1999b; Borna Virus. In Persistent Viral Infections pp 559–573 Edited by Ahmed R., Chen I. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons;
     [Google Scholar]
109. Sierra-Honigmann A. M., Rubin S. A., Estafanous M. G., Yolken R. H., Carbone K. M. 1993; Borna disease virus in peripheral blood mononuclear and bone marrow cells of neonatally and chronically infected rats. Journal of Neuroimmunology 45:31–36
     [Google Scholar]
110. Sorg I., Metzler A. 1995; Detection of Borna disease virus RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues by nested PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33:821–823
     [Google Scholar]
111. Stitz L., Dietzschold B., Carbone K. M. 1995; Immunopathogenesis of Borna disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 190:75–92
     [Google Scholar]
112. Takahashi H., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., Asahi S., Onishi Y., Ikebuchi K., Takahashi T. A., Katoh T., Sekiguchi S., Takazawa M., Tanaka H., Ikuta K. 1997; Higher prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in blood donors living near thoroughbred horse farms. Journal of Medical Virology 52:330–335
     [Google Scholar]
113. Tsujimura K., Mizutani T., Kariwa H., Yoshimatsu K., Ogino M., Morii Y., Inagaki H., Arikawa J., Takashima I. 1999; A serosurvey of Borna disease virus infection in wild rats by a capture ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61:113–117
     [Google Scholar]
114. Waltrip I. I., Buchanan R. W., Summerfelt A., Breier A., Carpenter W. T., Bryant N. L., Rubin S. A., Carbone K. M. 1995; Borna disease virus and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 56:33–44
     [Google Scholar]
115. Weissenböck H., Nowotny N., Caplazi P., Kolodziejek J., Ehrensperger F. 1998a; Borna disease in a dog with lethal meningoencephalitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36:2127–2130
     [Google Scholar]
116. Weissenböck H., Suchy A., Caplazi P., Herzog S., Nowotny N. 1998b; Borna disease in Austrian horses. Veterinary Record 143:21–22
     [Google Scholar]
117. Yamaguchi K., Sawada T., Naraki T., Igata-Yi R., Shiraki H., Horii Y., Ishii T., Ikeda K., Asou N., Okabe H., Mochizuki M., Takahashi K., Yamada S., Kubo K., Yashiki S., Waltrip R. W., Carbone K. M. 1999; Detection of Borna disease virus-reactive antibodies from patients with psychiatric disorders and from horses by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6:696–700
     [Google Scholar]
118. Zimmermann W., Dürrwald R., Ludwig H. 1994; Detection of Borna disease virus RNA in naturally infected animals by a nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods 46:133–143
     [Google Scholar]
119. Zwick W. 1939; Bornasche Krankheit und Enzephalomyelitis der Tiere. In Handbuch der Viruskrankheiten pp 254–354 Edited by Gildenmeister E., Haagen E., Waldmann O. Jena: Fischer;
     [Google Scholar]
120. Zwick W., Witte J. 1931; Ueber die Widerstandsfähigkeit des Virus der Bornaschen Krankheit gegen Trocknung und über Schutzimpfungsversuche mit getrockneter virushaltiger Gehirnsubstanz. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 47:33–35
     [Google Scholar]