The complete genomic and predicted amino acid sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) FU strain, a human isolate recovered from the first outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in Australian territory, was determined. Comparison of the FU genome with 15 fully sequenced JEV genomes revealed high levels of sequence identity, ranging from 88·7% (GP78) to 89·7% (K94P05) for nucleotides and 96·8% (K94P05) to 98·0% (JaGAr01) for amino acid sequences. A total of 39 unique amino acid differences were found in the FU strain polyprotein. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available full-length JEV genomes and a selection of 64 E gene sequences from temporally and geographically diverse JEV strains. For comparison with the E gene phylogeny, phylogenetic analysis using cognate prM gene sequences was also carried out. The FU strain was found to be most closely related to Korean isolate K94P05 in the full-length analysis and to Southeast Asian strains in the E and prM gene analyses. The E gene analysis corresponded well with the prM gene analysis and with previous genotyping studies using the prM gene. The epidemiological implications of this investigation are discussed.
AliA.,
IgarashiA.1997; Antigenic and genetic variations among Japanese encephalitis virus strains belonging to genotype 1. Microbiology and Immunology 41:241–252
ChenW. R.,
Rico-HesseR.,
TeshR. B.1992; A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 47:61–69
CoiaG.,
ParkerM. D.,
SpeightG.,
ByrneM. E.,
WestawayE. G.1988; Nucleotide and complete amino acid sequences of Kunjin virus: definitive gene order and characteristics of the virus-specified proteins. Journal of General Virology 69:1–21
GouldE. A.,
CleggJ. C. S.1985; Growth, titration and purification of Togaviruses. In Virology: A Practical Approach pp 43–78 Edited by
MahyB. W.
Oxford: IRL Press;
HannaJ. N.,
RitchieS. A.,
PhillipsD. A.,
ShieldJ.,
BaileyM. C.,
MackenzieJ. S.,
PoidingerM.,
McCallB. J.,
MillsP. J.1996; An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait. Australia; 1995Medical Journal of Australia 165:256–260
HannaJ. N.,
RitchieS. A.,
PhillipsD. A.,
LeeJ. M.,
HillsS. L.,
van den HurkA. F.,
PykeA. T.,
JohansenC. A.,
MackenzieJ. S.1999; Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland. Australia: 1998Medical Journal of Australia 170:533–536
HasegawaH.,
YoshidaM.,
FugitaS.,
KobayashiY.1994; Comparison of structural proteins among antigenically different Japanese encephalitis virus strains. Vaccine 12:841–844
HuongV. T. Q.,
HaD. Q.,
DeubelV.1993; Genetic study of Japanese encephalitis viruses from Vietnam. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49:538–544
JanL.,
ChenK.,
LuC.,
WuY.,
HorngC.1996; Complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Japanese encephalitis virus Ling strain: the presence of a 25-nucleotide deletion in the 3′-nontranslated region. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55:603–609
JohansenC.,
RitchieS.,
van den HurkA.,
BockarieM.,
HannaJ.,
PhillipsD.,
MelroseW.,
PoidingerM.,
ScherretJ.,
HallR.,
MackenzieJ.1997; The search for Japanese encephalitis virus in the Western province of Papua New Guinea. Arbovirus Research in Australia 7:131–136
KimuraM.1980; A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16:111–120
KolaskarA. S.,
Kulkarni-KaleU.1999; Prediction of three-dimensional structure and mapping of conformational epitopes of envelope glycoprotein of Japanese encephalitis virus. Virology 261:31–42
MackenzieJ. S.,
PoidingerM.,
PhillipsD. A.,
JohansenC. A.,
HallR. A.,
HannaJ. N.,
RitchieS. A.,
ShieldJ.,
GrahamR.1997; Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Australasian region. In Factors in the Emergence of Arbovirus Diseases pp 191–201 Edited by
SaluzzoJ.,
DodetB.
Paris: Elsevier;
MangadaM. N. M.,
TakegamiT.1999; Molecular characterization of the Japanese encephalitis virus representative immunotype strain JaGAr01. Virus Research 59:101–112
NiH.,
BarrettA. D. T.1995; Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural protein genes of Japanese encephalitis viruses from different geographical locations. Journal of General Virology 76:401–407
OkunoT.,
OkadaT.,
KondoA.,
SuzukiM.,
KobayashiM.,
OyaA.1968; Immunotyping of different strains of Japanese encephalitis virus by antibody-absorption, haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 38:547–563
OlsonJ. G.,
KsiazekT. G.,
LeeV. H.,
TanR.,
ShopeR. E.1985; Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Anopheles annularis and Anopheles vagus in Lombok, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79:845–847
PoidingerM.,
HallR. A.,
MackenzieJ. S.1996; Molecular characterization of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex of the flavivirus genus. Virology 218:417–421
ReyF. A.,
HeinzF. X.,
MandlC.,
KunzC.,
HarrisonS. C.,
KuhnR. J.,
RossmannM. G.1995; The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 Å resolution. Nature 375:291–298
RiceC.1996; Flaviviridae : the viruses and their replication. InFields Virology pp 931–959 Edited by
FieldsB.,
KnipeD.,
HowleyP.
Philadelphia: Lippincott–Raven;
RoehrigJ. T.,
HuntA. R.,
JohnsonA. J.,
HawkesR. A.1989; Synthetic peptides derived from the deduced amino acid sequence of the E-glycoprotein of Murray Valley encephalitis virus elicit antiviral antibody. Virology 171:49–60
ShieldJ.,
HannaJ.,
PhillipsD.1996; Reappearance of the Japanese encephalitis virus in the Torres Strait, 1996. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 20:191
SpicerP. E.,
PhillipsD. A.,
PykeA. T.,
JohansenC. A.,
MelroseW.,
HallR. A.1999; Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in human sera collected from Irian Jaya. Follow-up of a previously reported case of Japanese encephalitis in that region. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93:511–514
ThompsonJ. D.,
GibsonT. J.,
PlewniakF.,
JeanmouginF.,
HigginsD. G.1997; The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25:4876–4882
TsuchieH.,
OdaK.,
VythilingamI.,
ThayanR.,
VijayamalarB.,
SinniahM.,
SinghJ.,
WadaT.,
TanakaH.,
KurimuraT.,
IgarashiA.1997; Genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated in three states in Malaysia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56:153–158
VratiS.,
GiriR. K.,
RazdanA.,
MalikP.1999; Complete nucleotide sequence of an Indian isolate of Japanese encephalitis virus: sequence comparison with other strains and phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61:677–680
WestawayE. G.,
BlokJ.1997; Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of flaviviruses. In Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever pp 147–173 Edited by
GublerD. J.,
KunoG.
Wallingford: CAB International;
WuS.,
LianW.,
HsuL.,
WuY.,
LiauM.1998; Antigenic characterization of nine wild-type Taiwanese isolates of Japanese encephalitis virus as compared with two vaccine strains. Virus Research 55:83–91