Large outbreak of swine influenza in southern Japan caused by reassortant (H1N2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses
In the winter of 1989 and the spring of 1990, there were large outbreaks of respiratory disease in two swine herds in Nagasaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Serological surveillance indicated that the majority of swine possessed antibodies to swine influenza virus H1 haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of early H3N2 influenza virus strains. Eight viruses were isolated from swine that showed typical clinical symptoms of influenza. The haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of these isolates were closely related to those of swine H1N1 and early human H3N2 viruses, respectively. At least two types of haemagglutinin antigens, distinguished by two monoclonal antibodies, were involved in the outbreaks. Evolutionary analyses indicated that the haemagglutinin gene of the H1N2 reassortants was closely related to those of a recent swine lineage (A/sw/HK/1/74 and A/sw/Ehime/1/80 viruses). However, the neuraminidase genes of the H1N2 reassortants were similar to those of swine N2 viruses which in turn are related to early human H3N2 viruses. A comparison of partial nucleotide sequences revealed that the six other genes of A/sw/Nagasaki/1/89 were derived from those of swine H1N1 virus.
AirG. M.,
ElsM. C.,
LaverW. G.,
WebsterR. G.1985; Location of antigenic sites on the three dimensional structure of the influenza N2 virus neuraminidase. Virology 145:237–248
AustinF. J.,
KawaokaY.,
WebsterR. G.1990; Molecular analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of an avian H1N1 influenza virus. Journal of General Virology 71:2471–2474
BuonagurioD. A.,
NakadaS.,
ParvinJ. D.,
KrystalM.,
PaleseP.,
FitchW. M.1986; Evolution of human influenza A viruses over 50 years: rapid, uniform rate of change in NS gene. Science 232:980–982
CastrucciM. R.,
DonatelliI.,
SidoliL.,
BarigazziG.,
KawaokaY.,
WebsterR. G.1993; Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. Virology 193:503–506
ClaasE. C. J.,
KawaokaY.,
de JongJ. C.,
MasurelN.,
WebsterR. G.1994; Infection of children with avian–human reassortant influenza virus from pigs in Europe. Virology 204:453–457
GormanO. T.,
BeanW. J.,
KawaokaY.,
DonatelliI.,
GuoY.,
WebsterR. G.1991; Evolution of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes: implications for the origins of H1N1 human and classical swine viruses. Journal of Virology 65:3704–3714
ItoT.,
GormanO. T.,
KawaokaY.,
BeanW. J.,
WebsterR. G.1991; Evolutionary analysis of the influenza A virus M gene with comparison of the Ml and M2 proteins. Journal of Virology 65:5491–5498
KanegaeY.,
SugitaS.,
EndoA.,
IshidaM.,
SenyaS.,
OsakoK.,
NeromeK.,
OyaA.1990; Evolutionary pattern of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza B viruses isolated in Japan: cocirculating lineages in the same epidemic season. Journal of Virology 64:2860–2865
KanegaeY.,
SugitaS.,
ShortridgeK. F.,
YoshiokaY.,
NeromeK.1994; Origin and evolutionary pathways of the Hi hemagglutinin gene of avian, swine and human influenza viruses: cocirculation of two distinct lineages of swine virus. Archives of Virology 134:17–28
KawaokaY.,
KraussS.,
WebsterR. G.1989; Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Journal of Virology 63:4603
LentzM. R.,
AirG. M.,
LaverW. G.,
WebsterR. G.1984; Sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza virus A/Tokyo/3/67 and previously uncharacterized monoclonal variants. Virology 135:257–265
LiX. S.,
ZhaoC. Y.,
GaoH. M.,
ZhangY. Q.,
IshidaM.,
KanegaeY.,
EndoA.,
NeromeR.,
OmoeK.,
NeromeK.1992; Origin and evolutionary characteristics of antigenic reassortant influenza A (H1N2) viruses isolated from man in China. Journal of General Virology 73:1329–1337
NeiM.,
GojoboriT.1986; Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Molecular Biology and Evolution 3:418–426
NeromeK.,
SakamotoS.,
YanoN.,
YamamotoT.,
KobayashiS.,
WebsterR. G.,
OyaA.1983; Antigenic characteristics and genome composition of a naturally occurring recombinant influenza virus isolated from a pig in Japan. Journal of General Virology 64:2611–2620
NeromeK.,
YoshiokaY.,
SakamotoS.,
YasuharaH.,
OyaA.1985; Characterization of a 1980-swine recombinant influenza virus possessing H1 hemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase similar to that of the earliest Hong Kong (H3N2) virus. Archives of Virology 86:197–211
NeromeK.,
KanegaeY.,
YoshiokaY.,
ItamuraS.,
IshidaM.,
GojoboriT.,
OyaA.1991; Evolutionary pathways of N2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza A viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (H1N2) isolated from pigs. Journal of General Virology 72:693–698
RompuyL. V.,
Min JouW.,
HuylebroeckD.,
FriersW.1982; Complete nucleotide sequence of a human influenza neuraminidase gene of sub-type N (A/Victoria/3/75). Journal of Molecular Evolution 3:57–74
SangerF.,
NicklenS.,
CoulsonA. R.1977; DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 74:5463–5467
ShortridgeK. F.,
WebsterR. G.1979; Geographical distribution of swine (Hsw1N1) and Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza virus variants in pigs in Southeast Asia. Intervirology 11:9–15
ShortridgeK. F.,
KingA. P.,
WebsterR. G.1987; Monoclonal antibodies for characterizing H3N2 influenza viruses that persist in pigs in China. Journal of Infectious Diseases 155:577–581
ShuL. L.,
LinY. P.,
WrightS. M.,
ShortridgeK. F.,
WebsterR. G.1994; Evidence for interspecies transmission and reassortment of influenza A viruses in pigs in southern China. Virology 202:825–833
SugimuraT.,
YonemochiH.,
OgawaT.,
TanakaY.,
KumagaiT.1980; Isolation of a recombinant influenza-virus (Hsw1N2) from swine in Japan. Archives of Virology 66:271–274
SugitaS.,
YoshiokaY.,
ItamuraS.,
KanegaeY.,
OguchiK.,
GojoboriT.,
NeromeK.,
OyaA.1991; Molecular evolution of hemagglutinin genes of H1N1 swine and human influenza A viruses. Journal of Molecular Evolution 32:16–23
Large outbreak of swine influenza in southern Japan caused by reassortant (H1N2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses