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Transient transfections of tissue culture cells with plasmids encoding the transactivating factors MHBst and HBx of hepatitis B virus result in transcriptional stimulation of multiple target genes. Our experiments show that the NF-κB-binding enhancer element of simian virus 40 (SV40) and the AP-1-binding enhancer element of the human metallothionein IIA gene mediate the transactivating function of MHBst and HBx. In contrast, the elements GT(IIC+I) and Sph(II+I) of the SV40 enhancer, that, as a common feature, require binding of transcription factor TEF-1 for activity, efficiently mediate transactivation only by HBx but not by MHBst. This finding suggests that at least one regulatory pathway exists that can only be activated by HBx but not by MHBst.
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