During the replication cycle of vaccinia virus, four different forms of viral particles are produced. The two extracellular enveloped forms, cell-associated enveloped virus and extracellular enveloped virus, are responsible for cell-to-cell transmission and long-range spread of infection both in vivo and in vitro. Despite the biological importance of the enveloped forms, the mechanism of envelopment and the components involved in this process have been analysed only recently. Therefore the individual steps and the rate-limiting factors of the envelopment process are still unknown. The protein p37K, an unglycosylated but acylated envelope protein of molecular mass 37 kDa, has been shown to be essential for envelopment. However, this study shows that over-expression of p37K by vaccinia virus recombinants reduces rather than increases the yield of infectious enveloped virus which is mainly due to the enveloped virions exhibiting a strongly diminished specific infectivity.
AppleyardG.,
HapelA. J.,
BoulterE. A.1971; An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus. Journal of General Virology 13:9–17
BertholetC.,
StoccoP.,
Van MeirE.,
WittekR.1986; Functional analysis of the 5′ flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene. EMBO Journal 5:1951–1957
BlascoR.,
MossB.1991; Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37000-Dalton outer envelope protein. Journal of Virology 65:5910–5920
BlascoR.,
SislerJ. R.,
MossB.1993; Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. Journal of Virology 67:3319–3325
DomsR. W.,
BlumenthalR.,
MossB.1990; Fusion of intra- and extracellular forms of vaccinia virus with the cell membrane. Journal of Virology 64:4884–4892
DuncanS. A.,
SmithG. L.1992; Identification and characterization of an extracellular envelope glycoprotein affecting vaccinia virus egress. Journal of Virology 66:1610–1621
EngelstadM.,
SmithG. L.1993; The vaccinia virus 42-kDa envelope protein is required for the envelopment and egress of extracellular virus and for virus virulence. Virology 194:627–637
HillerG.,
WeberK.1982; A phosphorylated basic vaccinia virion polypeptide of molecular weight 11000 is exposed on the surface of mature particles and interacts with actin-containing cytoskeletal elements. Journal of Virology 44:647–657
HillerG.,
EiblH.,
WeberK.1981a; Characterization of intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus variants: N1- isonicotinoyl-A2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine interferes with cytoplasmic virus dissemination and release. Journal of Virology 39:903–913
HillerG.,
JungwirthC.,
WeberK.1981b; Fluorescence microscopical analysis of the life cycle of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. Experimental Cell Research 132:81–87
IchihashiY.,
MatsumotoS.,
DalesS.1971; Biogenesis of poxviruses: role of A-type inclusions and host cell membranes in virus dissemination. Virology 46:507–532
KatoN.,
EggersH. J.,
RollyH.1969; Inhibition of release of vaccinia virus by N1-isonicotinoyl-N2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoyl-hydrazine. Journal of Experimental Medicine 129:795–808
ParkinsonJ. E.,
SmithG. L.1994; Vaccinia virus gene A36R encodes a Mr 43-50K protein on the surface of extracellular enveloped virus. Virology 204:376–390
PayneL. G.1979aThe biology of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus PhD thesis, Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute School of Medicine; Stockholm, Sweden.:
PayneL. G.1979b; Identification of the vaccinia hemagglutinin polypeptide from a cell system yielding large amounts of extracellular enveloped virus. Journal of Virology 31:147–155
PayneL. G.1980; Significance of extracellular enveloped virus in the in vitro and in vivo dissemination of vaccinia. Journal of General Virology 50:89–100
PayneL. G.,
KristenssonK.1985; Extracellular release of enveloped vaccinia virus from mouse nasal epithelial cells in vivo
. Journal of General Virology 66:643–646
RodriguezJ. F.,
SmithG. L.1990; IPTG-dependent vaccinia virus: identification of a virus protein enabling virion envelopment by Golgi membrane and egress. Nucleic Acids Research 18:5347–5351
SchäggerH.,
Von JagowG.1987; Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. Analytical Biochemistry 166:368–379
SchmelzM.,
SodeikB.,
EricssonM.,
WolffeE. J.,
ShidaH.,
HillerG.,
GriffithsG.1994; Assembly of vaccinia virus: the second wrapping cisterna is derived from the trans Golgi network. Journal of Virology 68:130–147
SchmutzC.,
PayneL. G.,
GubserJ.,
WittekR.1991; A mutation in the gene encoding the vaccinia virus 37000-Mr protein confers resistance to an inhibitor of virus envelopment and release. Journal of Virology 65:3435–3442