A novel cis-stimulatory element maps to the 5′ portion of the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region and is functionally dependent on a sequence-aberrant Sp1 binding site

References

1. Angel P., Imagawa M., Chiu R., Stein B., Imbra J.R., Rahmsdorf H. J-, Jonat C., Herrlich P., Karin M. 1987; Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis-element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-actingfactor. Cell 49:729–739
   [Google Scholar]
2. Auborn K. J., Steinberg B. M. 1991; A key DNA-protein interaction determines the function of the 5 URR enhancer in human papillomavirus type 11. Virology 181:132–138
   [Google Scholar]
3. Baker C.C., Howley P. M. 1987; Differential promoter utilisation by the papillomavirus in transformed cells and productively infected wart tissues. EMBO Journal 6:1027–1035
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bedell M. A., Jones K. H., Grossmann S. R., Laimins L. A. 1989; Identification of human papillomavirus type 18 transforming genes in immortalized and primary cells. Journal of Virology 63:1247–1255
   [Google Scholar]
5. Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. 1986; Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, spl. Science 234:47–52
   [Google Scholar]
6. Dignam J. D., Lebowitz R. M., Roeder R. G. 1983; Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Research 11:1475–1489
   [Google Scholar]
7. Dürst M., Bosch F. X., Glitz D., Schneider A., Zur Hausen H. 1991; Inverse relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 early gene expression and cell differentiation in nude mouse epithelial cysts and tumors induced by HPV-positive cell lines. Journal of Virology 65:796–804
   [Google Scholar]
8. Fromenthal C., Kanno M., Nomiyama H., Chambon P. 1988; Cooperativity and hierarchical levels of the functional organisation in the SV40 enhancer. Cell 54:943–953
   [Google Scholar]
9. Garcia-Carranca A., Thierry F., Yaniv M. 1988; Interplay of viral and cellular proteins along the long control region of human papillomavirus type 18. Journal of Virology 62:43214330
   [Google Scholar]
10. Gloss B., Bernard H. U. 1990; The E6/E7 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16 is activated in the absence of E2 proteins by a sequence-aberrant spl distal element. Journal of Virology 64:5577–5584
    [Google Scholar]
11. Gloss B., Yeo-Gloss M., Meisterernst M., Rogge L., Winnacker E. L., Bernard H. U. 1989; Clusters of nuclear factor I binding sites identify enhancers of several papillomaviruses but alone are not sufficient for enhancer function. Nucleic Acids Research 9:3519–3533
    [Google Scholar]
12. Ham J., Dostatni N., Arnos F., Yaniv M. 1991; Several different upstream promoter elements can potentiate transactivation by the BPV-1 E2 protein. EMBO Journal 10:2931–2940
    [Google Scholar]
13. Higuchi R. 1990; Recombinant PCR. In PCR Protocols pp 177–183 Innis M. A., Delfand G. H., Sninsky J. J., White T. J. San Diego: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
14. Hoppe-Seyler F., Butz K. 1993; Activation of human papilloma-virus type 18 E6-E7 oncogene expression by transcription factor Spl. Nucleic Acids Research (in press)
    [Google Scholar]
15. Hoppe-Seyler F., Butz K., Zur Hausen H. 1991a; Repression of the human papillomavirus type 18 enhancer by the cellular transcription factor Oct-1. Journal of Virology 65:5613–5618
    [Google Scholar]
16. Hoppe-Seyler F., Z. K., Rittmuller C., Von Knebel Doeberitz M. 1991b; A rapid microscale procedure for the simultaneous preparation of cytoplasmic RNA, nuclear DNA binding proteins and enzymatically active luciferase extracts. Nucleic Acids Research 19:5080
    [Google Scholar]
17. Jackson S. P., Tjian R. 1988; O-Glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell 55:125–133
    [Google Scholar]
18. Li R., Knight J. D., Jackson S. P., Tjian R., Botchan M. R. 1991; Direct interaction between spl and the BPV enhancer E2 protein mediates synergistic activation of transcription. Cell 65:493–505
    [Google Scholar]
19. Luckow B., Schutz G. 1987; CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Research 15:5490
    [Google Scholar]
20. Mack D. H., Laimins L. A. 1991; A keratinocyte-specific transcription factor, KRF-1, interacts with API to activate expression of human papillomavirus type 18 in squamous epithelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 889102–9106
    [Google Scholar]
21. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. 1982; Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science 217:316–324
    [Google Scholar]
22. Münger K., Phelps W.C., Bubb V., Howley P. M., Schlegel R. 1990; The E6 and E7 genes of the human papiliomavirus together are necessary and sufficient for the transformation of primary human keratinocytes. Journal of Virology 63:4417–4421
    [Google Scholar]
23. Nakshatri H., Pater M. M., Pater A. 1990; Ubiquitous and cell type-specific protein interactions with human papillomavirus type 16 and type 18 enhancers. Virology 178:92–103
    [Google Scholar]
24. Pascal E., Tjian R. 1991; Different activation domains of Spl govern formation of multimers and mediate transcriptional synergism. Genes and Development 5:1646–1656
    [Google Scholar]
25. Schwarz E., Freese U. K., Gissmann L., Mayer W., Roggenbuck B., Strjemlau A., Zur Hausen H. 1985; Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical car-cinoma cells. Nature, London 31:111–114
    [Google Scholar]
26. Spalholz B. A., Vande Pol S. B., Howley P. M. 1991; Characterisation of the cis-elements involved in basal and E2-transactivated expression of the bovine papillomavirus p2443 promoter. Journal of Virology 65:743–753
    [Google Scholar]
27. Stoler M. H., Rhodes C. R., Whitbeck A., Chow L.T., Broker T. R. 1990; Gene expression of HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical neoplasia. In Papilloviruses pp 1–11 Edited by Howley P. M., Broker T. R. New York: Wiley-Liss;
    [Google Scholar]
28. Storey A., Pim D., Murray A., Osborn K., Banks L., Crawford L. 1988; Comparison of the in vitro transforming activities of human papillomavirus types. EMBO Journal 6:1815–1820
    [Google Scholar]
29. Tan. S., Gloss B., Bernard H. U. 1992; During negative regulation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6 promoter, the viral E2 protein can displace spl from a proximal promoter element. Nucleic Acids Research 20:251–256
    [Google Scholar]
30. Thierry F., Garcia-Carranca A., Yaniv M. 1987a; Elements that control the transcription of genital papillomavirus type 18. Cancer Cells 5:23–32
    [Google Scholar]
31. Thierry F., Heard J. M., Dartmann K., Yaniv M. 1987b; Characterisation of a transcriptional promoter of human papillo-mavirus 18 and modulation of its expression by simian virus 40 and adenovirus early antigens. Journal of Virology 61:134–142
    [Google Scholar]
32. Vande Pol S. B., Howley P. M. 1990; A bovine papillomavirus constitutive enhancer is negatively regulated by the E2 repressor through competitive binding for a cellular factor. Journal of Virology 64:5420–5429
    [Google Scholar]
33. Vande Pol S. B., Howley P. M. 1992; The bovine papillomavirus constitutive enhancer is essential for viral transformation, DNA replication and the maintenance of latency. Journal of Virology 66:2346–2358
    [Google Scholar]
34. Von Knebel Doeberitz M., Oltersdorf T., Schwarz E., Gissmann L. 1988; Correlation of a modified human papillomavirus early gene expression with altered growth properties in C4-1 cervical carcinoma cells. Cancer Research 48:3780–3786
    [Google Scholar]
35. Westin G., Schapfner W. 1988; Heavy metal ions in transcription factors from HeLa-cells: Spl, but not octamer transcription factor requires zinc for DNA binding and for activator function. Nucleic Acids Research 13:5771–5781
    [Google Scholar]
36. Zur Hausen H. 1989; Papillomaviruses in anogenital cancer as a model to understand the role of viruses in human cancer. Cancer Research 49:4677–4681
    [Google Scholar]