1887

Abstract

The 12 nucleotide conserved sequence at the 3′ end of influenza A virion RNA is sufficient to function as a promoter . By introducing point mutations in all 12 positions of this promoter in model RNA templates and studying the efficiency of RNA synthesis , we show that only three nucleotides, residues 9, 10 and 11, are crucial for activity, although other nucleotides play a significant but less important role. Additions or deletions within the promoter are tolerated, resulting in either an increase or a decrease in promoter activity, depending on the mutation introduced; in some cases premature termination is caused. Taking these observations into account, a model for RNA polymerase binding and copying of the promoter is discussed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3115
1992-12-01
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/73/12/JV0730123115.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3115&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Allen H., McCauley J., Waterfield M., Gething M.-J. 1980; Influenza virus RNA segment 7 has the coding capacity of two polypeptides. Virology 107:548–551
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bouloy M., Plotch S. J., Krug R. 1978; Globin mRNAs are primers for the transcription of influenza viral RNA in vitro . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 75:4886–4890
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Desselberger U., Racaniello V. R., Zazra J. J., Palese P. 1980; The 3′ and 5′ terminal sequences of influenza A, B and C virus RNA segments are highly conserved and show partial inverted complementarity. Gene 8:315–328
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Hatada E., Hasegawa M., Mukaigawa J., Shimizu K., Fukuda R. 1989; Control of influenza virus gene expression: quantitative analysis of each viral RNA species in infected cells. Journal of Biochemistry 105:537–546
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Hay A. J., Lomniczi B., Bellamy A. R., Skehel J. J. 1977; Transcription of the influenza virus genome. Virology 83:337–355
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Hay A. J., Skehel J. J., McCauley J. 1982; Characterization of influenza virus RNA complete transcripts. Journal of Virology 116:517–522
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Honda A., Mizumoto K., Ishihama A. 1986; RNA polymerase of influenza virus. Dinucleotide-primed initiation of transcription at specific positions of viral RNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261:5987–5991
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Honda A., Ueda K., Nagata K., Ishihama A. 1988; RNA polymerase from influenza virus: role of NP in RNA chain elongation. Journal of Biochemistry 104:1021–1026
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hsu M. T., Parvin J. D., Gupta S., Krystal M., Palese P. 1987; Genomic RNAs of influenza viruses are held in a circular conformation in virions and in infected cells by a terminal panhandle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 84:8140–8144
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ishihama A., Nagata K. 1988; Viral RNA polymerases. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry 23:27–76
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kawakami K., Mizumoto K., Ishihama A. 1983; RNA polymerase of influenza virus. IV. Catalytic properties of the capped RNA endonuclease associated with the RNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Research 11:3637–3649
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Lamb R. A., Choppin P. W. 1983; The gene structure and replication of influenza virus. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52:467–506
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Li X., Palese P. 1992; Mutational analysis of the promoter required for influenza virus virion RNA synthesis. Journal of Virology 66:4331–4338
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Luo G., Luytjes W., Enami H., Palese P. 1991; The polyadenylation signal of influenza virus RNA involves a stretch of uridine followed by the RNA duplex of the panhandle structure. Journal of Virology 65:2861–2867
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Luytjes W., Krystal M., Enami M., Parvin J. D., Palese P. 1989; Amplification, expression and packaging of a foreign gene by influenza virus. Cell 59:1107–1113
    [Google Scholar]
  16. McCauley J. W., Mahy B. W. J. 1983; Structure and function of the influenza virus genome. Biochemical Journal 211:281–294
    [Google Scholar]
  17. McClure W. R. 1985; Mechanism and control of transcription initiation in procaryotes. Annual Review of Biochemistry 54:171–204
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Milligan J. F., Duncan R. G., Witherell G. W., Uhlenbeck O. C. 1987; Oligoribonucleotide synthesis using T7 RNA polymerase and synthetic DNA templates. Nucleic Acids Research 15:8783–8798
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Moroney S. E., Picirilli J. A. 1991; Abortive products as initiating nucleotides during transcription by T7 RNA polymerase. Biochemistry 30:10343–10349
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Munson L. M., Reznikoff W. S. 1981; Abortive initiation and long ribonucleic acid synthesis. Biochemistry 20:2081–2085
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Parvin J. D., Palese P., Honda A., Ishihama A., Krystal M. 1989; Promoter analysis of influenza virus polymerase. Journal of Virology 63:5142–5152
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Robertson J. S. 1979; 5′ and 3′ terminal nucleotide sequences of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus. Nucleic Acids Research 6:3745–3757
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Seong B. L., Brownlee G. G. 1992; A new method for reconstituting influenza polymerase and RNA in vitro: A study of promoter elements for cRNA and vRNA synthesis in vitro and viral rescue in vivo . Virol 186:247–260
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Seong B. L., Kobayashi M., Nagata K., Brownlee G. G., Ishihama A. 1992; Comparison of two reconstitution systems for in vitro transcription and replication of influenza virus. Journal of Biochemistry 111:496–499
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Shapiro G. I., Krug R. M. 1988; Influenza virus RNA replication in vitro: synthesis of viral template RNAs in the absence of an added primer. Journal of Virology 62:2285–2290
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Simoncsits A., Brownlee G. G., Brown R. S., Rubin J. R., Guilley H. 1977; New rapid gel sequencing for RNA. Nature, London 269:833–836
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Smith G. L., Hay A. J. 1982; Replication of the influenza virus genome. Virology 118:96–108
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Varich N. L., Gubareva L. V., Kaverin N. V. 1990; Influenza B virus mRNA synthesis in vivo: efficient transcription of vRNAs 1, 2 and 3. Journal of General Virology 71:2171–2174
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Winter G., Fields S. 1980; Cloning of influenza cDNA into M13: the sequence of the RNA segment encoding the A/PR/8/34 matrix protein. Nucleic Acids Research 8:1965–1975
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Yamanaka K., Ogasawara N., Yoshikawa H., Ishihama A., Nagata K. 1991; In vivo analysis of the promoter structure of the influenza virus RNA genome using a transfection system with an engineered RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 88:5369–5373
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3115
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3115
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error