Mice were infected with influenza A virus by aerosol. Bronchoalveolar washings obtained from infected mice contained interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activities. IL-1 was present at day 4 postinfection but not at day 7. TNF activity was present at day 4 and day 7 post-infection. The presence of both these monokines was coincident with increased cell populations in the lungs. In vitro studies demonstrated that macrophages from non-infected mice produce IL- 1 and TNF activities in response to live influenza A virus stimulation. These results suggest that a direct interaction between virus and alveolar macrophages leads to IL-I and TNF production during the course of infection and could account for both the immune responses and the pathology that occur during influenza A virus infection.
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