The morphogenesis of yellow fever virus replication was examined in infected Vero cell cultures. Penetration and uncoating occurred by endocytosis with the formation of coated vesicles, similar to that demonstrated for other enveloped and unenveloped viruses. Inclusion bodies associated with newly formed nucleocapsids were evident in the perinuclear region during the growth cycle. No evidence of RNA synthesis in the vicinity of the inclusion bodies was obtained by autoradiography, suggesting that genome replication and assembly of viral nucleocapsids occur at separate cytoplasmic sites. An excessive proliferation of membrane-bound organelles involving both vacuoles and endoplasmic reticula was the most striking feature of virus-infected cells late in infection. No morphological changes in the appearance of nuclei or mitochondria were detected. Virus release appeared to occur by movement of nascent virions through the proliferated endoplasmic reticula followed by exocytic fusion of virus-containing vesicles with the plasmalemma. A possible mechanism whereby the internal nucleocapsid acquires an outer envelope is discussed.
BOULTONR. W., WESTAWAYE. G.1976; Replication of the flavivirus Kunjin; proteins, glycoproteins and maturation associated with cell membranes. Virology 69:416–430
CAREYD. E., KEMPG. E., TROUPJ. M.1972; Epidemiological aspects of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic in Nigeria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 46:645–651
DEUBELV., DIGOUTTES. P., MATTEIX., PARDASED.1981; Morphogenesis of yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti cultured cells. II. An ultrastructural study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30:1071–1077
ELLISD. S., SMITHM. D., LLOYDG., BOWENE. T. W., SIMPSOND. I. H.1984; A method for increasing the surface details of resin embedded viruses using Congo/Crimea haemorrhagic fever as a model. Journal of Virological Methods 8:57–61
GOLLINSS. W., PORTERFIELDJ. S.1985; Flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: an electron microscopic study of viral cellular entry. Journal of General Virology 66:1969–1982
MATSUMURAT., STOLLARV., SCHLESINGERR. W.1971; Studies on the nature of dengue viruses. Structure and development of dengue virus in Vero cells. Virology 46:344–355
MONATHT. P., LEEV. H., WILSOND. C, FAGBAMIA., TOMORIO.1974; Arbovirus studies in Nupeko Forest, a possible and natural focus of yellow fever virus in Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68:30–38
MURPHYF. A.1980 Togavirus morphology and morphogenesis. The Togaviruses, Biology, Structure and Replication241–316 Edited by SchlesingerR. W. New York: Academic Press;
MURPHYF. A., HARRISONA. K., GARYW.JR, WHITFIELDS. G., FORRESTERF. T.1968; St. Louis encephalitis virus infection of mice. Laboratory Investigation 19:652–662
NGM. L., PEDERSENJ. S., TOHB. H., WESTAWAYE. G.1983; Immunofluorescent sites in Vero cells infected with the flavivirus Kunjin. Archives of Virology 78:177–190
SCHLESINGERJ. J., BRANDRISSM. W., MONATHT. P.1983; Monoclonal antibodies distinguish between wild and vaccine strains of yellow fever virus by neutralization, haemagglutination inhibition, and immune precipitation of the virus envelope protein. Virology 125:8–17
SHAPIROD., KOSK., BRANDTW. E., RUSSELLP. K.1972; Membrane-bound proteins of Japanese encephalitis in virus-infected chick embryo cells. Virology 48:360–372
SOUTHAMC. M., SHIPKEYF. H., BABCOCKV. I., BAILEYR., ERLANDSONR. A.1964; Growth of West Nile and Guaroa viruses in tissue culture. Journal of Bacteriology 88:187–199
STOHLMANS. A., WISSEMANC. L.JR, EYTARO. R., SILVERMAND. J.1975; Dengue virus-induced modifications of host cell membranes. Journal of Virology 16:1017–1026
TOVEYD. G., KENDALLP. A.1979; Ultrastructural autoradiography of 0·5 μm sections of tritium-labelled specimens using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Experimental Cell Research 118:401–404
WESTAWAYE. G.1980 Replication of flaviviruses. The Togaviruses, Biology, Structure and Replication531–581 Edited by SchlesingerR. W. New York: Academic Press;
WESTAWAYE. G., NGM. L.1980; Replication of flaviviruses: separation of translation sites of Kunjin virus proteins and of cell proteins. Virology 106:107–122
ZEICHHARDTH., WETZK., WILLINGMANNP., HABERMEHLK. O.1985; Entry of poliovirus type 1 and Mouse Elberfield (ME) virus into HEp-2 cells: receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal or lysosomal uncoating. Journal of General Virology 66:483–492