For some time, the Editors of The Journal of General Virology have sought a format for presenting accounts of advances and notable events in virology, in a broader and more flexible manner than is afforded by the traditional review of a topic in depth. This article represents an experiment in such presentation. Its aim is to look at advances in virus research, and to present brief accounts of the most important and interesting work published within a calendar year. Subject to evaluation of the success of this first essay, an annual feature is envisaged.
Implementation of these fine notions, however, has demanded some compromises. Virology comprises such an awesome range of techniques and objectives, with such a disparate assembly of virus types, that rigorous limits were necessary. Thus, we have confined our attention to animal viruses, and explicitly avoided any pretension to constructing a systematic review of all virology; the idea of selectivity was pre-eminent.
AlwineJ. C.1985; Transient gene expression control: effects of transfected DNA stability and tram- activation by viral early proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:1034–1042
AuperinD. D.,
RomanowskiV.,
GalinskiM.,
BishopD. H. L.1984; Sequencing studies of Pichinde arenavirus S RNA indicate a novel coding strategy, an ambisense viral S RNA. Journal of Virology 52:897–904
BarrettT.,
ShrimptonS. B.,
RussellS. E. H.1985; Nucleotide sequence of the entire protein coding region of canine distemper polymerase-associated (P) protein mRNA. Virus Research 3:367–372
BellJ. R.,
KinneyR. M.,
TrentD. W.,
LenchesE. M.,
DalgarnoL.,
StraussJ. H.1985; Amino-terminal amino acid sequences of structural proteins of three flaviviruses. Virology 143:224–229
BennS.,
RutledgeR.,
FolksT.,
GoldJ.,
BakerL.,
MccormickJ.,
FeorinoP.,
PiotP.,
QuinnT.,
MartinM.1985; Genomic heterogeneity of AIDS retroviral isolates from North America and Zaire. Science 230:949951
BergerS. L.,
FolkW. L.1985; Differential activation of RNA polymerase Ill-transcribed genes by the polyomavirus enhancer and the adenovirus E1A products. Nucleic Acids Research 13:1413–1428
BlomquistM. C.,
HuntL. T.,
BarkerW. C.1984; Vaccinia virus 19-kilodalton protein: relationship to several mammalian proteins, including two growth factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 81:7363–7367
BlumbergB.,
GiorgiC.,
RouxL.,
RajuR.,
DowlingP.,
CholletA.,
KolakofskyD.1985; Sequence determination of the Sendai virus HN gene and its comparison to the influenza virus glycoproteins. Cell 41:269–278
BoshartM.,
WeberF.,
JahnG.,
Dorsch-HaslarK.,
FleckensteinB.,
SchaffnerW.1985; A very Strong enhancer is located upstream of an immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus. Cell 41:521–530
BradyJ.,
BolenJ.,
RadonovichM.,
SalzmanN.,
KhouryG.1984; Stimulation of simian virus 40 late gene expression by simian virus 40 tumor antigen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 81:2040–2044
BrownJ. P.,
TwardzikD. R.,
MarquadtH.,
TodaroG. J.1985; Vaccinia virus encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor. Nature, London 313:491–192
CallahanP. L.,
MizutaniS.,
ColonnoR. J.1985; Molecular cloning and complete sequence determination of RNA genome of human rhinovirus type 14. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:732736
ClareJ.,
FarabaughP.1985; Nucleotide sequence of a yeast Ty element: evidence for an unusual mechanism of gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 82:2829–2833
COM. S.,
GaultonG. N.,
FieldsB. N.,
GreeneM. I.1985; Isolation and biochemical characterization of the mammalian reovirus type 3 cell-surface receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:1494–1498
CollinsP. L.,
WertzG. W.1985a; The envelope-associated 22K protein of human respiratory syncytial virus: nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and a related polytranscript. Journal of Virology 54:65–71
CollinsP. L.,
WertzG. W.1985b; Nucleotide sequences of the IB and 1C nonstructural protein mRNAs of human respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 143:442–451
CollinsP. L.,
HuangY. T.,
WertzG. W.1984; Identification of a tenth mRNA of respiratory syncytial virus and assignment of polypeptides to the 10 viral genes. Journal of Virology 49:572–578
CollinsP. L.,
AndersonK.,
LangerS. L.,
WertzG. W.1985; Correct sequence for the major nucleocapsid protein mRNA of respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 146:69–77
CurranJ. W.,
MorganW. M.,
HardyA. M.,
JaffeH. W.,
DarrowW. W.,
DowdleW. R.1985; The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects. Science 229:1352–1357
DanielM. D.,
LetvinN. L.,
KingN. W.,
KannagiM.,
SehgalP. K.,
HuntR. D.,
KankiP. J.,
EssexM.,
Desrosiers R. C.1985; Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science 228:1201–1204
ErnstH.,
ShatkinA. J.1985; Reovirus hemagglutinin mRNA codes for two polypeptides in overlapping reading frames. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:48–52
EverettR. D.1984a; Transactivation of transcription by herpes virus products; requirements for two HSV-1 immediate early polypeptides for maximum activity. EMBO Journal 3:3135–3141
EverettR. D.1984b; A detailed analysis of an HSV-1 early promoter: sequences involved in trans-activation by viral immediate-early gene products are not early-gene specific. Nucleic Acids Research 12:3037–3056
FernieB. F.,
DapolitoG.,
CoteP. J.JR,
GerinJ. L.1985; Kinetics of synthesis of respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins. Journal of General Viology 66:1983–1990
FurneauxH. M.,
PerkinsK. K.,
FreyerG. A.,
ArenasJ.,
HurwitzJ.1985; Isolation and characterization of two fractions from HeLa cells required for mRNA splicing in vitro
. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:4351–4355
GelmanI. H.,
SilVersteinS.1985; Identification of immediate early genes from herpes simplex virus that transactivate the virus thymidine kinase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:5265–5269
GiriI.,
DanosO.,
YanivM.1985; Genomic structure of the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papillomavirus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:1580–1584
GondaM. A.,
Wong-StaalF.,
GalloR. C.,
ClementsJ. E.,
NarayanO.,
GILDENR. V.1985; Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 227:173–177
GuptaK. C.,
KingsburyD. W.1984; Complete sequences of the intergenic and mRNA start signals in the Sendai virus genome: homologies with the genome of vesicular stomatitis virus. Nucleic Acids Research 12:3829–3841
HauberJ.,
Nelbock-HochstetterP.,
FeldmannH.1985; Nucleotide sequence and characteristics of a Ty element from yeast. Nucleic Acids Research 8:2745–2758
HayA. J.,
WolstenholmeA. J.,
SkehelJ. J.,
SmithM. H.1985; The molecular basis of the specific antiinfluenza action of amantadine. EMBO Journal 4:3021–3024
HennessyK.,
FennewaldS.,
KieffE.1985; A third viral nuclear protein in lymphoblasts immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:5944–5949
HerrlerG.,
RottK.,
KlenkH.-D.,
MullerH.-P.,
ShuklaA. K.,
SchauerR.1985; The receptor-destroying enzyme of influenza C virus is neuraminate-O-acetylesterase. EMBO Journal 4:1503–1506
HiebertS. W.,
PatersonR. G.,
LambR. A.1985a; Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5: nucleotide sequence of the mRNA predicts an N-terminal membrane anchor. Journal of Virology 54:1–5
HiebertS. W.,
PatersonR. G.,
LambR. A.1985b; Identification and predicted sequence of a previously unrecognized small hydrophobic protein, SH, of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5. Journal of Virology 55:744–751
HudsonG. S.,
FarrellP. J.,
BarrellB. G.1985b; Two related but differentially expressed potential membrane proteins encoded by the EcoRI Dhet region of Epstein-Barr virus B95–8. Journal of Virology 53:528–535
HundleyF.,
BiryahwahoB.,
GowM.,
DesselbergerU.1985; Genome rearrangements of bovine rotavirus after serial passage at high multiplicity of infection. Virology 143:88–103
KankiP. J.,
AlroyJ.,
EssexM.1985a; Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to HTLV-III/LAV from wild-caught African green monkeys. Science 230:951–954
KankiP. J.,
MclaneM. F.,
KingN. W.Jr,
LetvinN. L.,
HuntR. D.,
SehgalP.,
DanielM. D.,
DesrosiersR. C.1985b; Serological identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III. Science 228:1199–1201
KellerJ. M.,
AlwineJ. C.1984; Activation of the SV40 late promoter: direct effects of T antigen in the absence of viral DNA replication. Cell 36:381–389
KripplB.,
FergusonB.,
JonesN.,
RosenbergM.,
WestphalH.1985; Mapping of functional domains in adenovirus E1A proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:7480–7484
KurathG.,
LeongJ. C.1985; Characterization of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus mRNA species reveals a nonvirion rhabdovirus protein. Journal of Viology 53:462–468
KurathG.,
AhrenK. G.,
PearsonG. D.,
LeongJ. C.1985; Molecular cloning of the six mRNA species of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus, and gene order determination by R–loop mapping. Journal of Virology 53:469–476
LambR. A.,
ZebedeeS. L.,
RichardsonC. D.1985; Influenza virus M2 protein is an integral membrane protein expressed on the infected-cell surface. Cell 40:627–633
LeffT. L.,
CordenJ.,
ElkaimR.,
Sassone-CorsiP.1985; Transcriptional analysis of the adenovirus-5 EIII promoter: absence of sequence specificity for stimulation by Ela gene products. Nucleic Acids Research 13:1209–1221
LetvinL. N.,
DanielM. D.,
SehgalP. K.,
DesrosiersR. C.,
HuntR. D.,
WaldronL. M.,
MackeyJ. J.,
SchmidtD. K.,
ChalifouxL. V.,
KingN. W.1985; Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III. Science 230:71–73
LuptonS.,
LevineA. J.1985; Mapping genetic elements of Epstein-Barr virus that facilitate extrachromosomal persistence of Epstein-Barr virus-derived plasmids in human cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:2533–2542
McgeochD. J.,
DolanA.,
DonaldS.,
RixonF. J.1985; Sequence determination and genetic content of the short unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. Journal of Molecular Biology 181:1–13
MclachlanA. D.,
BoswellD. R.1985; Confidence limits for homology in protein or gene sequences: the c-myc oncogene and adenovirus Ela protein. Journal of Molecular Biology 185:39–49
MclauchlanJ.,
GaffneyD.,
WhittonJ. L.,
ClementsJ. B.1985; The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3′ termini. Nucleic Acids Research 13:1347–1368
MannK. P.,
StauntonD.,
Thorley-LawsonD. A.1985; Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein found in plasma membranes of transformed cells. Journal of Virology 53:710–720
MellorJ.,
FultonS. M.,
DobsonM. J.,
WilsonW.,
KingsmanS. M.,
KingsmanA. J.1985a; A retrovirus-like strategy for expression of a fusion protein encoded by yeast transposon Tyl. Nature, London 313:243–246
MellorJ.,
MalimM. H.,
GullK.,
TuiteM. F.,
MccreadyS.,
DibbayawanT.,
KingsmanS. M.,
KingsmanA. J.1985b; Reverse transcriptase activity and Ty RNA are associated with virus-like particles in yeast. Nature, London 318:583–586
MorrowC. D.,
GibbonsG. F.,
DasguptaA.1985; The host protein required for in vitro replication of poliovirus is a protein kinase that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor-2. Cell 40:913–921
MountS. M.,
RubinG. M.1985; Complete nucleotide sequence of the Drosophila transposable element copia: homology between copia and retroviral proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:1630–1638
Mueller-LantzschN.,
LenoirG. M.,
SauterM.,
TakaklK.,
BechetJ.-M.,
Kuklik-RoosC.,
WunderlichD.,
BornkammG. W.1985; Identification of the coding region for a second Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA 2) by transfection of cloned DNA fragments. EMBO Journal 4:1805–1811
MuesingM. A.,
SmithD. H.,
CabradillaC. D.,
BentonC. V.,
LaskyL. A.,
CaponD. J.1985; Nucleic acid structure and expression of the human AIDS/Iymphadenopathy retrovirus. Nature, London 313:450–458
MurthyS. C. S.,
BhatG. P.,
ThimmappayaB.1985; Adenovirus EIIA early promoter: transcriptional control elements and induction by the viral pre-early EIA gene, which appears to be sequence independent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 82:2230–2234
NajarianR.,
CaputD.,
GeeW.,
PotterS. J.,
RenardA.,
MerryweatherJ.,
Van nestG.,
DinaD.1985; Primary structure and gene organization of human hepatitis A virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:2627–2631
O’HareP.,
HaywardG. S.1985; Evidence for a direct role for both the 175, 000-and 110, 000-molecular-weight immediate-early proteins of herpes simplex virus in the transactivation of delayed-early promoters. Journal of Virology 53:751–760
OnoM.,
TohH.,
MiyataT.,
AwayaT.1985; Nucleotide sequence of the Syrian hamster intracisternal A-particle gene: close evolutionary relationship of type A particle gene to types B and D oncovirus genes. Journal of Virology 55:387–394
PerssonR. H.,
BacchettiS.,
SmileyI. R.1985; Cells that constitutively express the herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein ICP4 allow efficient activation of viral delayed-early genes in trans. Journal of Virology 54:414–421
QuinlanM. P.,
KnipeD. M.1985; Stimulation of expression of a herpes simplex virus DNA binding protein by two viral proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:957–963
RatnerL.,
HaseltineW.,
PatarcaR.,
LivakK. L.,
StarcichB.,
JosephsS. F.,
DoranE. R.,
RafalskiJ. A.,
WhitehornE. A.,
BaumeisterK.,
IvanoffL.,
PettewayS. R.Jr,
PearsonM. L.,
LautenbergerJ. A.,
PapasT. S.,
GhrayebJ.,
ChangN. T.,
GalloC. R.,
Wong-StaalF.
1985; Complete sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature, London 313:277–284
RawlinsR. D.,
MilmanG.,
HaywardS. D.,
HaywardG. S.1985; Sequence-specific DNA binding of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) to clustered sites in the plasmid maintenance region. Cell 42:859–868
ReichelP. A.,
MerrickW. C.,
SiekierkaJ.,
MathewsM. B.1985; Regulation of a protein synthesis initiation factor by adenovirus virus-associated RNA. Nature, London 313:196–200
ReismanD.,
YatesJ.,
SugdenB.1985; A putative origin of replication of plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus is composed of two cis-acting components. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:1822–1832
RiceC. M.,
LenchesE. M.,
EddyS. R.,
ShinS. J.,
SheetsR. L.,
StraussH. J.1985; Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science 229:726–733
RichardsonC. D.,
BerkovichA.,
RozenblattS.,
BelliniW. J.1985; Use of antibodies directed against synthetic peptides for identifying cDNA clones, establishing reading frames and deducing the gene order of measles virus. Journal of Virology 54:186–193
RomanowskiV.,
MatsuuraY.,
BishopD. H. L.1985; Complete sequence of the S RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (WE strain) compared to that of Pichinde arenavirus. Virus Research 3:101–114
RossmannM. G.,
ArnoldE.,
EricksonW. J.,
FrankenbergerE. A.,
GriffithJ. P.,
HechtH.-J.,
JohnsonJ. E.,
KamerG.,
LuoM.,
MosserA. G.,
RueckertR. R.,
SherryB.,
VriendG.1985; Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature, London 317:145–153
RozenblattS.,
EizenbergO,
EnglundG.,
BelliniW. J.1985; Cloning and characterisation of DNA complementary to the canine distemper virus mRNA encoding matrix, phosphoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. Journal of Virology 53:691–694
RussellS. E. H.,
ClarkeD. K.,
HoeyE. M.,
RimaB. K.,
MartinS. J.1985; cDNA cloning of the messenger RNAs of five genes of canine distemper virus. Journal of General Viology 66:433–444
RymoL.,
KleinG.,
RickstenA.1985; Expression of a second Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen in mouse cells after gene transfer with a cloned fragment of the viral genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:3435–3439
SacksW. R.,
GreeneC. C.,
AschmanD. P.,
SchafferP. A.1985; Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 is an essential regulatory protein. Journal of Virology 55:796–805
SagataN.,
YasunagaT.,
Tsuzuku-kawamuraJ.,
OhishiK.,
OgawaY.,
IkawaY.1985; Complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of bovine leukemia virus: its evolutionary relationship to other retroviruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U,. S,. A 82:677–681
SaigoK.,
KugimiyaW.,
MatsuoY.,
InouyeS.,
YoshiokaK.,
YukiS.1984; Identification of the coding sequence for a reverse transcriptase-like enzyme in a transposable genetic element in Drosophila melanogaster
. Nature, iMndon 312:659–661
Sanchez-PescadorR.,
PowerM. D.,
BarrP. J.,
SteimerK. S.,
StempienM. M.,
Brown-ShimerS. L.,
GeeW. W.,
RenardA.,
RandolphA.,
LevyJ. A.,
DinaD.,
LuciwP. A.1985; Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2). Science 227:484–492
Sassone-CorsiP.,
WildemanA.,
ChambonP.1985; A trans-acting factor is responsible for the simian virus 40 enhancer activity in vitro
. Nature, London 313:458–463
SatakeM.,
ColiganJ. E.,
ElangoN.,
NorrbyE.,
VenkatesanS.1985; Respiratory syncytial virus envelope glycoprotein (G) has a novel structure. Nucleic Acids Research 13:7795–7812
SchneiderR. J.,
SaferB.,
MunemitsuS. M.,
SamuelC. E.,
ShenkT.1985; Adenovirus VAI RNA prevents phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2a subunit subsequent to infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, V.S.A. 82:4321–4325
ShawG. M.,
HarperM. E.,
HahnB. M.,
EpsteinL. G.,
GajdusekD. C.,
PriceB. W.,
NaviaB. A.,
PetitoC. K.,
O’HaraC. J.,
GroopmanJ. E.,
ChoE.-S.,
OleskeE. M.,
Wong-StaalF.,
GalloR. C.1985; HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science 227:177–182
ShibaT.,
SaigoK.1983; Retrovirus-like particles containing RNA homologous to the transposable element copia in Drosophila melanogaster
. Nature, London 302:119–124
ShimotohnoK.,
TakahashiY.,
ShimizuN.,
GojoboriT.,
GoldeD. W.,
ChenI. S. Y.,
MiwaM.,
SugimuraT.1985; Complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type II: an open reading frame for the protease gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 82:3101–3105
SkernT.,
SommergruberW.,
BlaasD.,
GruendlerP.,
FraundorferF.,
PielerC.,
FogyI.,
KuechlerE.1985; Human rhinovirus 2: complete nucleoltide sequence and proteolytic processing signals in the capsid protein region. Nucleic Acids Research 13:2111–2126
SodroskiJ.,
PatarcaR.,
RosenC.,
Wong-StaalF.,
HaseltineW.1985c; Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Science 229:74–77
SodroskiJ.,
RosenC.,
Wong-StaalF.,
SalahuddinS. Z.,
PopovicM.,
AryaS. K.,
GalloR. C.,
HaseltineW. A.1985b; Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type III long terminal repeat. Science 227:171–173
SonigoP.,
AlizonM.,
StaskusK.,
KlatzmannD.,
ColeS.,
DanosO.,
RetzelE.,
TiollaisP.,
HaaseA.,
Wain-HobsonS.1985; Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: relationship to the AIDS virus. Cell 42:369382
StowN. D.1985; Mutagenesis of a herpes simplex virus origin of DNA replication and its effect on viral interference. Journal of General Virology 66:31–42
SugdenB.,
MarshK.,
YatesJ.1985; A vector that replicates as a plasmid and can be efficiently selected in B-lymphoblasts transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Molecular and Cellular Biology S:410–413
SwimmerC.,
ShenkT.1985; Selection of sequence elements that substitute for the standard AATAAA motif which signal 3′ processing and polyadenylation of late simian virus 40 mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research 13:8053–8063
TognoniA.,
CattaneoR.,
SerflingE.,
SchaffnerW.1985; A novel expression selection approach allows precise mapping of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Nucleic Acids Research 13:7457–7472
WellerS. K.,
SpadaroA.,
SchafferJ. E.,
MurrayA. W.,
MaxamA. M.,
SchafferP. A.1985; Cloning, sequencing and functional analysis of oriL, a herpes simplex virus type 1 origin of DNA synthesis. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:930–942
Wong-StaalF.,
ShawG. M.,
SalahuddinS. Z.,
PopovicM.,
MarkhamP.,
RedfieldR.,
GALLOR. C.1985; Genomic diversity of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Science 229:759–762
YatesJ.,
WarrenN.,
ReismanD.,
SugdenB.1984; A cis- acting element from the Epstein-Barr viral genome that permits stable replication of recombinant plasmids in latently infected cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 81:3806–3810
YatesJ. L.,
WarrenN.,
SugdenB.1985; Stable replication of plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus in various mammalian cells. Nature, London 313:812–815
YewdelLJ. W.,
BenninkJ. R.,
SmithG. L.,
MossB.1985; Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 82:1785–1789
YoshinakaY.,
KatohI.,
CopelandT. D.,
OroszlanS.1985; Murine leukemia virus protease is encoded by the gag-pol gene and is synthesized through suppression of an amber termination codon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 82:1618–1622
ZebedeeS. L.,
RichardsonC. D.,
LambR. A.1985; Characterization of the influenza virus M2 integral membrane protein and expression at the infected-cell surface from cloned cDNA. Journal of Virology56502–511