1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 66, Issue 5

Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus: A Proviral Gene Contributes to the Understanding of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Mammary Tumorigenesis Free

Abstract

This review will deal with a retroviral mouse gene which has contributed to the understanding of gene control ineukaryotes. It has made possible the study of mechanisms of hormonal control, of tissue specificity of gene expression, and a molecular description of early events in carcinogenesis. The mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) system has been extensively reviewed (Hynes & Groner, 1982; Vogt & Koprowski, 1983; Groner ., 1983, 1984; Ponta ., 1985; Hynes ., 1984).

  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): carcinogenesis , gene control and MMTV
© Journal of General Virology 1985
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931
1985-05-01
2023-09-30
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/66/5/JV0660050931.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Buetti E., Diggelmann H. 1981; Cloned mouse mammary tumor virus DNA is biologically active in transfected mouse cells and its expression is stimulated by glucocorticoid hormones. Cell 23:335–345
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Buetti E., Diggelmann H. 1983; Glucocorticoid regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus: identification of a short essential DNA region. EMBO Journal 2:1423–1429
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Callahan R., Gallahan D., Kozak C. 1984; Two genetically transmitted BALB/c mouse mammary tumor virus genomes located on chromosomes 12 and 16. Journal of Virology 49:1005–1008
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Chapman A. B., Costello F. L., Ringold G. M. 1983; Amplification and hormone-regulated expression of a mouse mammary tumour virus Eco gpt fusion plasmid in mouse 3T6 cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 3:1421–1429
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Cohen J. C. 1980; Methylation of milk borne and genetically transmitted mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA. Cell 19:653–662
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cohen J. C., Varmus H. E. 1979; Endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature, London 278:418–423
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cohen J. C., Varmus H. E. 1980; Proviruses of mouse mammary tumor virus in normal and neoplastic tissues from GR and C3Hf mouse strains. Journal of Virology 35:298–305
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Cohen J. C., Shank P. R., Morris V. L., Cardiff R., Varmus H. E. 1979a; Integration of the DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus in virus-infected normal and neoplastic tissues of the mouse. Cell 16:333–345
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen J. C., Majors J. E., Varmus H. E. 1979b; Organization of mouse mammary tumor virus specific DNA endogenous to BALB/c mice. Journal of Virology 32:483–496
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Cooper D. N. 1983; Eukaryotic DNA methylation. Human Genetics 64:315–333
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Copeland N. G., Bedigian H. G., Thomas C. Y., Jenkins N. A. 1984; DNAs of two molecularly cloned endogenous ectropic proviruses are poorly infectious in DNA transfection assays. Journal of Virology 49:437–444
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Deome K. B., Faulkin L. J. Jr, Bern H. A., Blair P. B. 1959; Development of mammary tumors from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland free mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. Cancer Research 19:515–520
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Dickson C., Peters G. 1983; Proteins encoded by mouse mammary tumor virus. In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology vol 106 pp 1–34 Edited by Vogt P. K., Koprowski H. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag;
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Dickson C., Haslam S., Nandi S. 1974; Conditions for optimal MTV synthesis in vitro and the effect of steroid hormones on virus production. Virology 62:242–252
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Dickson C., Smith R., Brookes S., Peters G. 1984; Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2. Cell 37:529–536
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Doerfler W. 1983; DNA methylation and gene activity. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52:93–124
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Donehower L. A., Huang A. L., Hager G. L. 1981; Regulatory and coding potential of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal redundancy. Journal of Virology 37:226–238
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Ehrlich M., Wang R. Y. -H. 1981; 5-Methylcytosine in eukaryotic DNA. Science 212:1350–1357
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Etkind P. R., Sarkar N. H. 1983; Integration of new endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA at common sites in the DNA of mammary tumors of C3Hf mice and hypomethylation of the endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA in C3Hf mammary tumors and spleens. Journal of Virology 45:114–123
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Fanning T. G., Puma J. P., Cardiff R. D. 1980; Selective amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus in mammary tumors of GR mice. Journal of Virology 36:109–114
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Fanning T. G., Vassos A. B., Cardiff R. D. 1982; Methylation and amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA in normal, premalignant and malignant cells of GR/A mice. Journal of Virology 41:1007–1013
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Fasel N. K., Pearson E. K., Buetti E., Diggelmann H. 1982; The region of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA containing the long terminal repeat includes a long coding sequence and signals for hormonally regulated transcription. EMBO Journal 1:3–7
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Feinstein S. C., Ross S. R., Yamamoto K. R. 1982; Chromosomal position effects determine transcriptional potential of integrated mouse mammary tumour virus DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology 156:549–565
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Felsenfeld G., Mcghee J. 1982; Methylation and gene control. Nature, London 296:602–603
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Fine D. L., Plowman J. K., Kelley S. P., Arthur L. O., Hillman E. A. 1974; Enhanced production of mouse mammary tumor virus in dexamethasone treated, 5-iododeoxyuridine-stimulated mammary tumor cell cultures. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 52:1881–1886
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Firzlaff J. M., Diggelmann H. 1984; Dexamethasone increases the number of RNA polymerase II molecules transcribing integrated mouse mammary tumor virus DNA and flanking mouse sequences. Molecular and Cellular Biology 4:1057–1062
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Groner B., Hynes N. E. 1980; Number and location of mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA in mouse DNA of normal tissue and of mammary tumors. Journal of Virology 33:1013–1025
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Groner B., Hynes N. E., Diggelmann H. 1979; Identification of mouse mammary tumor virus specific mRNA. Journal of Virology 30:417–420
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Groner B., Kennedy N., Rahmsdorf U., Herrlich P., van Ooyen A., Hynes N. E. 1982; Introduction of a proviral mouse mammary tumor virus gene and a chimeric MMTV-thymidine kinase gene into L cells results in their glucocorticoid responsive expression. In Hormones and Cell Regulation vol 6: pp 217–228 Edited by Dumont J. E., Nunez J., Schultz G. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Groner B., Hynes N. E., Rahmsdorf U., Ponta H. 1983a; Transcription initiation of transfected mouse mammary tumor virus LTR DNA is regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. Nucleic Acids Research 11:4713–4725
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Groner B., Ponta H., Beato M., Hynes N. E. 1983b; The proviral DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus: its use in the study of the molecular details of steroid hormone action. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 32:101–116
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Groner B., Kennedy N., Skroch P., Hynes N. E., Ponta H. 1984; DNA sequences involved in the regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoid hormones. Biochimica et biophysica acta 781:1–6
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Groner B., Salmons B., Gcnzburg W. H., Hynes N. E., Ponta H. 1985; Expression of proviral DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus and its transcriptional control sequences. Oxford Surveys on Eukaryotic Genes vol. 1
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Günzburg W. H., Groner B. 1984; The chromosomal integration site determines the tissue specific methylation of mouse mammary tumor virus proviral genes. EMBO Journal 3:1129–1135
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Günzburg W. H., Hynes N. E., Groner B. 1984; The methylation pattern of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus proviral genes is tissue specific and stably inherited. Virology 138:212–224
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Herrlich P., Hynes N. E., Ponta H., Rahmsdorf U., Kennedy N., Groner B. 1981; The endogenous proviral mouse mammary tumor virus genes of the GR mouse are not identical and only one corresponds to the exogenous virus. Nucleic Acids Research 9:4981–4995
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Hilgers J., Bentvelzen P. 1981; Mammary carcinogenesis in the mouse: an attempt at synthesis. In Mammary Tumors of the Mouse pp 1–10 Edited by Hilgers J., Sluyser M. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Hoffmann J. W., Steffen D., Gusella J., Tabin C., Bird S., Cowing D., Weinberg R. A. 1982; DNA methylation affecting the expression of murine leukemia proviruses. Journal of Virology 44:144–157
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Huang A. L., Ostrowski M. C., Berard D., Hager G. L. 1981; Glucocorticoid regulation of the HaMSV p21 gene conferred by sequences from mouse mammary tumor virus. Cell 27:245–255
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Hynes N. E., Groner B. 1982; Mammary tumor formation and hormonal control of mouse mammary tumor virus expression. In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology vol 101: pp 51–74 Edited by Cooper M., Henle W., Hofschneider P., Koprowski H., Melchers F., Rott R., Schweiger H. G., Vogt P. K., Zinkemagel R. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag;
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Hynes N. E., Groner B., Diggelmann H., Van Nie R., Michalides R. 1980; Genomic location of mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA in normal mouse tissue and in mammary tumors. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 44:1161–1168
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Hynes N. E., Kennedy N., Rahmsdorf U., Groner B. 1981a; Hormone responsive expression of an endogenous proviral gene of mouse mammary tumor virus after molecular cloning and gene transfer into cultured cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 78:2038–2042
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Hynes N. E., Rahmsdorf U., Kennedy N., Fablani L., Michalides R., Nusse R., Groner B. 1981b; Structure, stability, methylation, expression and glucocorticoid induction of endogenous and transfected proviral genes of mouse mammary tumor virus in mouse fibroblasts. Gene 16:307–317
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Hynes N. E., Van Ooyen A., Kennedy N., Herrlich P., Ponta H., Groner B. 1983; Subfragments of the LTR cause glucocorticoid responsive expression of MMTV and of an adjacent gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 80:3637–3641
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Hynes N. E., Groner B., Michalides R. 1984; Mouse mammary tumor virus: transcriptional control and involvement in tumorigenesis. Advances in Cancer Research 41:155–184
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Kennedy N., Knedlitschek G., Groner B., Hynes N. E., Herrlich P., Michalides R., Van Ooyen A. 1982; LTRs of endogenous MMTV contain a long open reading frame which extends into adjacent sequences. Nature, London 295:622–624
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Kozma S., Osterrieth P. M., Francois C., Calberg-Bacq C.-M. 1980; Distribution of mouse mammary tumour virus antigens in RIII mice as detected by immunofluorescence on tissue sections and by immunoassays in sera and organ extracts. Journal of General Virology 51:327–339
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Lee F., Mulligan R., Berg P., Ringold G. 1981; Glucocorticoids regulate expression of dihydrofolate reductase cDNA in MMTV chimaeric plasmids. Nature, London 294:228–232
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Lee F., Hall C. V., Ringold G. M., Dobson D. E., Luk J., Jakob P. E. 1984; Functional analysis of the steroid hormone control region of mouse mammary tumor virus. Nucleic Acids Research 12:4191–4206
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Long C. A., Dumaswala U. J., Tancin S. L., Vaidya A. B. 1980; Organization and expression of endogenous murine mammary tumor virus genes in mice congenic at the H-2 complex. Virology 103:167–177
     [Google Scholar]
  51. McGrath C. M., Marineau E. J., Voyles B. A. 1978; Changes in MuMTV DNA and RNA levels in BALB/c mammary epithelial cells during malignant transformation by exogenous MMTV and by hormones. Virology 87:339–353
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Macinnes J. I., Morris V. L., Flintoff W. F., Kozak C. A. 1984; Characterization and chromosomal location of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus loci in GR, NFS and DBA mice. Virology 132:12–25
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Majors J., Varmus H. E. 1983; A small region of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat confers glucocorticoid regulation on a linked heterologous gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 80:5866–5870
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Medina D. 1973; Preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Methods in Cancer Research 7:3–53
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Michalides R., Van Deemter L., Nusse R., Van Nie R. 1978; Identification of the Mtv-2 gene responsible for the early appearance of mammary tumors in the GR mouse by nucleic acid hybridisation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 75:2368–2372
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Michalides R., Van Nie R., Nusse R., Hynes N. E., Groner B. 1981; Mammary tumor induction loci in GR and DBAf mice contain one provirus of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Cell 23:165–173
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Morris V. L., Medeiros E., Ringold G. M., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. 1977; Comparison of MMTV-specific DNA in inbred, wild and Asian mice, and in tumours and normal organs from inbred mice. Journal of Molecular Biology 114:73–91
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Nandi S., Mcgrath C. M. 1973; Mammary neoplasia in mice. Advances in Cancer Research 17:353–414
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Nusse R., Varmus H. E. 1982; Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31:99–109
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Nusse R., De Moes J., Hilkens J., Van Nie R. 1980; Localisation of a gene for expression of mouse mammary tumor antigens in the GR/mtv-2(−) mouse strain. Journal of Experimental Medicine 152:712–719
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Nusse R., Van Ooyen A., Cox D., Fung Y. K. T., Varmus H. 1984; Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15. Nature, London 307:131–136
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Osterrieth P. M., Kozma S., Hendrick J. C., Francois C., Calberg-Bacq C. -M., Franchimont P., Gosselin L. 1979; Detection of virus antigens in Swiss albino mice infected by milk-borne mouse mammary tumour virus: the effect of age, sex and reproductive status. II. Radioimmunoassay of two virus components, gp47 and p28 in serum and organ extracts. Journal of General Virology 45:41–50
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Ostrowski M. C., Richard-Foy H., Wolford R. G., Berard D. S., Hager G. L. 1983; Glucocorticoid regulation of transcription at an amplified, episomal promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology 3:2045–2057
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Parks W. P., Scolnick E. M., Kozikowski E. H. 1974; Dexamethasone stimulation of murine mammary tumor virus expression: a tissue culture source of virus. Science 183:158–160
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Pauley K. J., Rosen J. M., Socher S. H. 1978; Mammary tumour virus and casein gene transcription during mouse mammary development. Nature, London 275:455–457
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Pauley K. J., Medina D., Socher S. H. 1979; Hormonal regulation of MMTV RNA expression during mammary tumorigenesis in BALB/c mice. Journal of Virology 32:557–566
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Payvar F., Defranco D., Firestone G. L., Edgar B., Wrange O., Okret S., Gustafsson J. A., Yamamoto K. R. 1983; Sequence specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell 35:381–392
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Peters G., Brookes S., Smith R., Dickson C. 1983; Tumorigenesis by MMTV: evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors. Cell 33:369–377
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Peters G., Lee A. E., Dickson C. 1984; Activation of cellular gene by mouse mammary tumour virus may occur early in mammary tumour development. Nature, Ixmdon 309:273–275
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Pfahl M., Mcginnis D., Hendricks M., Groner B., Hynes N. E. 1983; Correlation of glucocorticoid receptor binding sites on MMTV proviral DNA with hormone inducible transcription. Science 222:1341–1343
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Ponta H., KENNEDY N., Herrlich P., Hynes N. E., Groner B. 1983; A deletion mutant of mouse mammary tumour virus, lacking 516 nucleotides of the 5′ long terminal repeat sequence can be expressed in a hormone-responsive fashion. Journal of General Virology 64:567–577
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Ponta H., Salmons B., Gunzburg W. H., Knedlitschek G., Groner B., Herrlich P. 1985; Mouse mammary tumor virus: a system for studies of transcriptional and translational control mechanisms, of tissue specific gene expression, and of tumorigenesis. In Cellular Regulation and Malignant Growth Edited by Ebashi S. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; (in press)
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Razin A., Cedar H. 1977; Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in chromatin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 74:2725–2728
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Redmond S. M. S., Dickson C. 1983; Sequence and expression of mouse mammary tumor virus env gene. EMBO Journal 2:125–131
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Ringold G. M., Yamamoto K. R., Tomkins G. M., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. 1975; Dexamethasone-mediated induction of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA: a system for studying glucocorticoid action. Cell 6:299–305
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Ringold G. M., Yamamoto K. R., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. 1977; Glucocorticoid-stimulated accumulation of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA: increased rate of synthesis of viral RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 74:2879–2883
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Salmons B. 1984; Mouse mammary tumour virus proviral variants: construction and expression in cultured cells. Ph. D. thesis CNAA London:
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Scheidereit C., Beato M. 1984; Contacts between hormone receptor and DNA double helix within a glucocorticoid regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 81:3029–3033
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Scheidereit C., Geisse S., Westphal H. M., Beato M. 1983; The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature, London 304:749–752
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Schlom I., Michalides R., Kufe D., Hehlmann R., Spiegelman S., Bentvelzen P., Hageman P. 1973; A comparative study of the biologic and molecular basis of murine mammary carcinoma: a model for human breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 51:541–551
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Shank P. R., Cohen J. C., Varmus H. E., Yamamoto K. R., Ringold G. M. 1978; Mapping of linear and circular forms of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA with restriction endonucleases: evidence for a large specific deletion occurring at high frequency during circularization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A 75:2112–2116
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Teramoto Y. A., Medina D., Mcgrath C., Schlom J. 1980; Noncoordinate expression of mouse mammary tumor virus gene products. Virology 107:345–353
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Topper Y. J., Freeman C. S. 1980; Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland. Physiological Reviews 60:1049–1106
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Traina V. L., Taylor B. A., Cohen J. C. 1981; Genetic mapping of endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses: locus characterisation, segregation and chromosomal distribution. Journal of Virology 40:735–744
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Traina-Dorge V., Cohen J. C. 1983; Molecular genetics of mouse mammary tunlor virus. In Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus pp 35–56 Edited by Vogt P. K., Koprowski H. Berlin, Heidelberg & New York: Springer-Verlag;
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Ucker D. S., Yamamoto K. R. 1984; Early events in the stimulation of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA synthesis by glucocorticoids -novel assays of transcription rates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259:7416–7420
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Ucker D. S., Ross S. R., Yamamoto K. R. 1981; Mammary tumor virus DNA contains sequences required for its hormone-regulated transcription. Cell 27:257–266
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Vaidya A. B., Taraschi N. E., Tancin S. L., LONG C. A. 1983; Regulation of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus expression in C57 mouse lactating mammary glands: transcription of functional mRNA with a block at the translational level. Journal of Virology 46:818–828
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Van Nie R., De Moes J. 1977; Development of a congenic line of the GR mouse strain without early mammary tumours. International Journal of Cancer 20:588–594
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Van Nie R., Dux A. 1971; Biological and morphological characteristics of mammary tumors in GR mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 46:885–897
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Van Nie R., Verstraeten A. A. 1975; Studies of genetic transmission of mammary tumor virus by C3Hf mice. International Journal of Cancer 16:922–931
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Van Nie R., Verstraeten A. A., De Moes J. 1977; Genetic transmission of mammary tumor virus by GR mice. International Journal of Cancer 19:383–390
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Van Ooyen A. J. J., Michalides R. J. A. M., Nusse R. 1983; Structural analysis of a 1.7 kb mouse mammary tumor virus-specific RNA. Journal of Virology 45:362–370
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M., Nowinski R. C., Sarkar N. H. 1972; Mammary tumour virus specific nucleotide sequences in mouse DNA. Nature, London 238:189–191
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Varmus H. E., Quintrell N., Medeiros E., Bishop J. M., Nowinski R. C., Sarkar N. H. 1973; Transcription of mouse mammary tumour virus genes in tissues from high and low tumour incidence mouse strains. Journal of Molecular Biology 79:663–679
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Verstraeten A. A., Van Nie R. 1978; Genetic transmission of mouse mammary tumor virus in the DBAf mouse strain. International Journal of Cancer 21:473–475
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Vogt P. K., Koprowski H. (editors) 1983 Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Berlin, Heidelberg & New York: Springer-Verlag;
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Weintraub H., Groudine M. 1976; Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation. Science 193:848–856
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Wheeler D. A., Butel J. S., Medina D., Cardiff R. D., Hager G. L. 1983; Transcription of mouse mammary tumor virus: identification of a candidate mRNA for the long terminal repeat gene product. Journal of Virology 46:42–49
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Yamamoto K. R., Si Alberts B. M. 1976; Steroid receptors: elements of modulation for eukaryotic transcription. Annual Review of Biochemistry 45:721–746
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Yamamoto K. R., Chandler V. L., Ross S. R., Ucker D. S., Ring J. C., Feinstein S. C. 1981; Integration and activity of mammary tumor virus genes: regulation by hormone receptors and chromosomal position. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 45:687–697
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Young H. A., Scolnick E. M., Si Parks W. P. 1975; Glucocorticoid receptor interactions and induction of murine mammary tumor virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 250:3337–3343
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Young H. A., Shih T. Y., Scolnick E. M., Si Parks W. P. 1977; Steroid induction of mouse mammary tumor virus: effect upon synthesis and degradation of viral RNA. Journal of Virology 21:139–146
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931
Loading
Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus: A Proviral Gene Contributes to the Understanding of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Mammary Tumorigenesis
J. Gen. Virol. 66, 931 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-66-5-931
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited this month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error