1887

Abstract

SUMMARY

Twelve influenza A viruses, antigenically related to the H0, H1 and Hsw1 subtypes, were isolated from cloacal samples of feral ducks in Canada. Antigenic comparisons showed that these viruses were most closely related to the recent Hsw1N1 isolates from man and pigs, whereas pathogenicity tests revealed differences between the Hsw1N1 viruses from the ducks and those from humans and pigs.

Antigenic characterization of 94 additional influenza A viruses from the ducks showed four haemagglutinin subtypes (Hav1, Hav4, Hav5 and Hav7), an unclassified haemagglutinin, and six neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq2, Nav1, Nav2 and Nav5) in various combinations, some of which are novel and have not previously been reported. Three of these duck influenza viruses possessed a haemag-glutinin antigenically related to that of classical fowl plague virus. A much higher percentage of virus isolations were from juvenile ducks (18·5%) than from adults (5 %). All of the ducks, from which viruses were isolated, appeared healthy at the time of sampling. Serological studies on a limited number of humans and domestic birds living in close proximity to the Canadian ducks revealed no evidence of interspecies transmission.

Our findings suggest that these birds serve as a substantial reservoir of antigenically diverse influenza viruses, including isolates antigenically related to the current human and animal influenza viruses. This reservoir in nature may be perpetuated by a cycle involving annual infection of juvenile birds followed by transmission to the remaining susceptible birds until the next congregation during the breeding season.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-115
1978-10-01
2024-12-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/41/1/JV0410010115.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-115&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Anderson D. R., Henny C. J. 1972; Population Ecology of the Mallard. U.S. Dept. Int. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Publication no. 105
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Beard C. W., Helfer D. H. 1972; Isolation of two turkey influenza viruses in Oregon. Avian Diseases 16:1133–1136
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Beaudette F. R., Hudson C. B., Saxe A. H. 1934; An outbreak of fowl plague in New Jersey in 1929. Journal of Agricultural Research 49:83
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Becker W. B. 1966; The isolation and classification of tern virus: Influenza virus A/tern/South Africa/ 1961. Journal of Hygiene 64:309
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Easterday B. C. 1975; Animal influenza. In The Influenza Viruses and Influenza449–481 Kilbourne E. D. New York: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Higgins D. A., Schild G. C. 1972; Characterization of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of some recent avian type A influenza virus isolates from Hong Kong. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 47:531
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Hinshaw V. S., Bean W. J., Webster R. G., Easterday B. C. 1978; The prevalence of influenza viruses in swine and the antigenic and genetic relatedness of influenza viruses from man and swine. Virology 84:51–62
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Johnson D. C., Maxfield B. G. 1976; An occurrence of avian influenza virus infection in laying chickens. Avian Diseases 20:422–424
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Kaplan M., Beveridge W. I. B. 1972; WHO Coordinated research on the role of animals in influenza epidemiology. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 47:439–443
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Kendal A. P., Madeley C. R., Allen W. H. 1971; Antigenic relationship in avian influenza A viruses: identification of two viruses isolated from turkeys in Great Britain during 1969–70. Journal of General Virology 13:95–100
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kendal A. P., Noble G. R., Dowdle W. R. 1977; Swine influenza viruses isolated in 1976 from man and pig contain two coexisting subpopulations with antigenically distinguishable hemagglutinins. Virology 82:196–205
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Laver W. G. 1969; Purification of influenza virus. In Fundamental Techniques in Virology Habel K., Salzman N. P. New York: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Laver W. G., Webster R. G. 1973; Studies on the origin of pandemic influenza. III. Evidence implicating duck and equine influenza viruses as possible progenitors of the Hong Kong strain of human influenza. Virology 51:383–391
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Palmer D. F., Coleman M. T., Dowdle W. R., Schild G. C. 1975; Advanced Laboratory Techniques for Influenza Diagnosis. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. Immunology Series6
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Shortridge K. F., Butterfield W. K., Webster R. G., Campbell C. H. 1977; Isolation and characterization of influenza A viruses from avian species in Hong Kong. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 55:15–20
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Slemons R. D., Cooper R. S., Orsborn J. S. 1973; Isolation of type A influenza viruses from imported exotic birds. Avian Diseases 17:746
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Slemons R. D., Easterday B. C. 1975; The natural history of type A influenza viruses and wild waterfowl. Proceedings of the 3rd International Wildlife Disease ConferenceMunich, August, 1975 New York: Plenum;
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Stuart-harris C. H., Schild G. C. 1976; Influenza viruses of lower animals and birds. In Influenza, the Viruses and the Disease78–91 Littleton, Massachusetts: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc;
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Webster R. G. 1970; Antigenic hybrids of influenza A viruses with surface antigens to order. Virology 42:633–642
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Webster R. G., Laver W. G. 1975; Antigenic variations of influenza viruses. In The Influenza Viruses and Influenza209–314 Kilbourne E. D. New York: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Webster R. G., Isachenko V. A., Carter M. 1974; A new avian influenza virus from feral birds in the USSR: recombination in nature?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 51:324–332
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Webster R. G., Morita M., Pridgen C., Tumova B. 1976a; Ortho- and paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks: characterization of a new group of influenza A viruses. Journal of General Virology 32:217–225
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Webster R. G., Tumova B., Hinshaw V. S., Lang G. 1976b; Characterization of avian influenza viruses. Designation of newly recognized hemagglutinin. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 54:555–560
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Webster R. G., Yakhno M., Hinshaw V. S., Bean W. J., Murti K. G. 1978; Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84:268–278
    [Google Scholar]
  25. who report 1971; A revised system of nomenclature for influenza viruses. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 45:119–124
    [Google Scholar]
  26. who report 1973; Influenza neuraminidase and neuraminidase inhibition test procedures. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48:199–203
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Yaseen S. A. 1975; Serotypes of neuraminidase of influenza A viruses isolated from birds in Canada. Master’s Thesis University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College; Ontario, Canada:
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-115
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-115
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error