The triggering mechanism for interferon synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages and chick embryo (CE) cells by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) exposed to hydroxylamine or homologous antiserum was investigated in relation to the intracellular fate of these agents.
Inactivation of NDV at 22 °C by 1 m-hydroxylamine proceeded with first-order kinetics, whereas the interferon-inducing capacity of hydroxylamine-treated virus in macrophages was unimpaired. In contrast to infective NDV, hydroxylamine-inactivated virus produced interferon in CE cells, and such a virus still had partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Hydroxylamine-inactivated NDV was adsorbed to and uncoated in both normal and chloroquine diphosphate treated cells, but no viral double-stranded RNA was detected. Hydroxylamine treatment of virion-extracted RNA and neutralization of intact virions by antibody abolished the capacity of the virus to induce interferon. Infective as well as neutralized NDV interacted with macrophages to the same degree, but association between NDV and CE cells was prevented by antibody-coating. In macrophages, the RNA of neutralized NDV became more sensitive to RNase than RNA of infective NDV, but this process was inhibited in chloroquine diphosphate-treated cells. These results suggest that interferon induction by NDV involves components of the virion which are present up to the regular uncoating process.
AzumaM.1973; Participation of cytophilic antibody in enhancement of interferon production in macrophages by under-neutralized NDV. Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung 41:11–19
AzumaM., YamadaM., NishiokaR.1970a; Relationship between immunity and interferon production in macrophages. II. Molecular weights of interferon produced in macrophage cultures. Japanese Journal of Microbiology 14:319–323
AzumaM., YamadaM., NishiokaR.1970b; Relationship between immunity and interferon production in macrophages. III. Enhancement of interferon production by antiserum. Japanese Journal of Microbiology 14:325–331
BéládiI., PusztaiR.1967; Interferon-like substance produced in chick fibroblast cells inoculated with human adenoviruses. Zeitschrift für die Naturforschung 22:165–169
BurkeD. C., SkehelJ. J., HayA. J., WaltersS.1968; Cellular events preceding interferon formation. In Interferon, Ciba Foundation Symposium pp. 4–15 Edited by WolstenholmeG. E. W., O’ConnorM. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd;
ClavellL. A., BrattM. A.1971; Relationship between the ribonucleic acid-synthesizing capacity of ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus and its ability to induce interferon. Journal of Virology 8:500–508
DianzaniF., GaononiS., BucklerC. E., BaronS.1970; Studies of the induction of interferon system by nonreplicating Newcastle disease virus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 133:324–328
GandhiS. S., BurkeD. C., ScholtissekC.1970; Virus RNA synthesis by ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus and interferon production. The Journal of General Virology 9:97–99
GrossgebauerK.1966; Der Einfluss von Hydroxylamin auf die antigene und interferierende Aktivitat von Influenzaviren. Zeitschrift für die Naturforschung 21:1063–1072
HarrisH., FisherH. W., RodgersA., SpencerT., WattsJ. W.1963; An examination of the ribonucleic acids in the HeLa cell with special reference to current theory about the transfer of information from nucleus to cytoplasm. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 157:177–198
HuangA. S., BaltimoreD., BrattM. A.1971; Ribonucleic acid polymerase in virions of Newcastle disease virus: comparison with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase. Journal of Virology 7:389–394
LaiM. T., JoklikW. K.1973; The induction of interferon by temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus, UV-irradiated reovirus, and subviral reovirus particles. Virology 51:191–204
LengyelA., BéládiI., NászI., PusztaiR.1969; Adenovirus type 8 antigen and interferon induction. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 210:423–424
LockartR. Z.Jun, BaylissM. L., ToyS. T., YinF. H.1968; Viral events necessary for the induction of interferon in chick embryo cells. Journal of Virology 2:962–965
LongW. F., BurkeD. C.1971; Interferon production by double-stranded RNA: a comparison of induction by reovirus to that by a synthetic double-stranded polynucleotide. The Journal of General Virology 12:1–11
SheaffE. T., MeagerA., BurkeD. C.1972; Factors involved in the production of interferon by inactivated Newcastle disease virus. The Journal of General Virology 17:163–175
SmithT. J., WagnerR. R.1967; Rabbit macrophage interferons. I. Conditions for biosynthesis by virus-infected and uninfected cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 125:559–577
YamadaM., AzumaM., NishiokaR., TogashiT.1970; Relationship between immunity and interferon production in macrophages. I. Effect of immunity on interferon production. Japanese Journal of Microbiology 14:311–318