- Volume 69, Issue 10, 2019

Three novel actinobacterial strains, designated as TPS16T, TPS81 and TPS83, were isolated from a sample of marine sediment collected from Tioman Island, Malaysia. The strains formed abundant branched substrate mycelia without fragmentation along with production of blue spores and blue diffusible pigment on soybean meal agar. The strains could grow at pH ranging from pH 6 to 12 and in 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl. Cell-wall hydrolysis showed the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid. The strains were closely related to Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652T (97.60 %) and Marinactinospora endophytica YIM 690053T (96.87 %) based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Multilocus sequence analysis including gyrB, recA and rpoB genes further confirmed that strain TPS16T represented a distinct branch within the family Nocardiopsaceae . The predominant menaquinones were MK-11(H2), MK-10(H2), MK-11(H4) and MK-10(H4), while the major fatty acids were found to be iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c. Genome sequencing revealed genome sizes of approximately 6 Mb and G+C contents of 73.8 mol%. A new genus, Marinitenerispora gen. nov., is proposed within the family Nocardiopsaceae based on polyphasic data and the type species is Marinitenerispora sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TPS16T (=DSM 46825T=TBRC 5138T).

A novel irregularly shaped and slightly curved rod bacterial strain, GLDI4/2T, showing activity of fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase was isolated from a faecal sample of an adult gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes as well as multilocus sequences (representing fusA, gyrB and xfp genes) and the core genome revealed that GLDI4/2T exhibited phylogenetic relatedness to Alloscardovia omnicolens DSM 21503T and to Alloscardovia macacae DSM 24762T. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed the phylogenetic results showing the highest gene sequence identity with strain A. omnicolens DSM 21503T (96.0 %). Activities of α- and β-gluco(galacto)sidases were detected in strain GLDI4/2T, which is characteristic for almost all members of the family Bifidobacteriaceae . Compared to other Alloscardovia species its DNA G+C content (43.8 mol%) was very low. Phylogenetic studies and the evaluation of phenotypic characteristics, including the results of biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses, confirmed the novel species status for strain GLDI4/2T, for which the name Alloscardovia theropitheci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GLDI4/2T (=DSM 106019T=JCM 32430T).

The taxonomic position of ‘ Actinomadura roseorufa’ LMG 30035T, a semduramicin-producing mutant of strain ATCC 53666P, which was isolated from a soil sample collected in Yamae Village, Kamamoto, Japan, was clarified in the present study using a polyphasic approach. This Gram-positive, aerobic actinomycete formed a well-developed, extensively branched, non-fragmenting substrate and aerial mycelia which differentiated into single, smooth-appearing spores. Based on analysis of nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain LMG 30035T was found to be closely related to the type strains of Actinomadura fibrosa ATCC 49459T (98.88 %) and Actinomadura formosensis JCM 7474T (98.82 %) (pairwise similarity values in parentheses). Digital DNA–DNA hybridisation experiments revealed unambiguously that strain LMG 30035T represents a novel Actinomadura species (OrthoANIu values less than 83.1 %; dDDH values less than 27.2 % with type strains of validly named Actinomadura species). Analysis of the cell wall revealed the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan. The whole-cell sugars were glucose, madurose, galactose, ribose and rhamnose. The major polar lipids included phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were C16 : 00, 10-methyl C18 : 0, C18 : 1  ω9c and C18 : 00. The DNA G+C content of its genome was 72.5 mol%. In summary, these characteristics distinguish strain LMG 30035T from validly named species of the genus Actinomadura , and therefore, we propose to classify this strain formally as the novel species Actinomadura roseirufa sp. nov. with LMG 30035T (=CECT 9808T,=ATCC 53664T) as the type strain.

Six mycelium-forming actinomycete strains were isolated from forest soil near the Cisolok geysers in West Java, Indonesia. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains showed high similarity to members of genera in the family Pseudonocardiaceae with values less than 96.0 %, and most closely related to the genus Thermotunica , T. guangxiensis AG2-7T(94.6–95.2 % similarity). The type strain, designated SL3-2-4T, was aerobic, thermophilic, Gram-stain-positive that formed branched, non-fragmented substrate mycelia and unbranched aerial mycelia with long-chain, oval-shaped spores on International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 3 medium. It produced light-orange substrate mycelia and light-orange diffusible pigments on ISP 3 medium with 2 % gellan gum, grown at 30–55 °C, with optimum growth at 45 °C. The pH range for growth was 4.0–8.0, with optimum growth at pH 7.0. Strain SL3-2-4T was able to hydrolyze casein, esculin, gelatin, guanine, hypoxanthine, starch, L-tyrosine, and xanthine, but not adenine, carboxymethyl-cellulose, cellulose, chitin, Tween 20, or xylan. The major fatty acid was iso-C16 : 0, and the major menaquinone was MK-8 (H4). The detected polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified glycolipids, and unidentified phospholipids. The cell wall hydrolysate of SL3-2-4T contained meso-2,4-diaminopimelic acid. The whole cell sugars were arabinose and galactose. The DNA G+C content was 71.6 mol%. Phenotypic features and phylogenetic data differentiated SL3-2-4T from members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae . Therefore, the strain SL3-2-4T is proposed as a representative of a novel species in a novel genus, Gandjariella thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is SL3-2-4T (=UICC B-83T=NRRL B-67478T=InaCC A981T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated NEAU-SA2T, was isolated from forest soil collected from the Zhangjiajie city, Hunan Province, PR China and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-flagellated and rod-coccus-shaped. The strain grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7.0 and with 0 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Arthrobacter and was closely related to Arthrobacter cupressi DSM 24664T (98.89 %) and Arthrobacter silvisoli CCTCC AB 2017271T (98.41 %), which was further confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0; MK-9(H2) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified glycolipid. The peptidoglycan type was A3α, and the cell-wall sugars were glucose and galactose. The genomic G+C content of strain NEAU-SA2T was 67.04 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between NEAU-SA2T and A. cupressi DSM 24664T and A. silvisoli CCTCC AB 2017271T were 88.57–90.94 %. The digital DNA–DNA hybridisation values between strain NEAU-SA2T and its most closely related species were 37.00 and 41.10 %, respectively, again indicating that they belong to different taxa. Therefore, strain NEAU-SA2T represents a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter , for which the name Arthrobacter celericrescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-SA2T (=DSM 106718T=CCTCC AB 2017272T).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated CFH S0054T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Xiaokongshan in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, in south-west PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CFH S0054T belonged to the genus Nocardia . Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH S0054T was most closely related to Nocardia concava IFM 0354T (98.3 %), Nocardia inohanensis NBRC 100128T (97.9 %), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum NBRC 14405T (97.9 %) and Nocardia heshunensis CFH S0067T (97.8 %). Strain CFH S0054T contained C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, C18 : 0 10-methyl (TBSA) and summed feature 3 as major cellular fatty acids and MK-8 (H4ω-cycl) as the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and unknown phospholipids. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the whole-cell hydrolysates were arabinose, galactose, glucose, fructose, ribose and mannose. The genome of strain CFH S0054T was 7.9 Mbp with a G+C content of 68.4 mol%, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain CFH S0054T and N. concava IFM0354T were low (ANIm<87.7 % and ANIb=84.1 %). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain CFHS0054T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nocardia , for which the name Nocardia yunnanensis sp. nov. is proposed, The type strain is CFH S0054T (DSM 46763T=JCM 30082T).

A novel Gram-stain-positive actinobacterial strain, designated C9-28T, was isolated from soil sampled in a natural cave on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Strain C9-28T morphologically exhibited a rod–coccus life cycle and grew at 10–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 7) and 0–3 % (optimum, absence of NaCl). In the maximum-likelihood tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain C9-28T formed a sublineage between a Rhodococcus equi– Rhodococcus soli– Rhodococcus agglutinans clade and the type strain of Rhodococcus defluvii . The closest relatives of strain C9-28T were the type strains of R. defluvii (98.88 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), R. equi (98.88 %) and R. soli (98.60 %). The phylogenomic tree based on whole genome sequences supported the distinct position of the novel strain within the genus Rhodococcus . The following chemotaxonomic characteristics also supported the assignment to the genus: meso-diaminopimelic acid; arabinose and galactose in whole-cell hydrolysates; the predominant menaquinone of MK-8(H2); and polar lipids including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, three unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C18 : 1ω9c and C14 : 0. Based on the values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization from whole genome sequences, and in vitro DNA–DNA hybridization between the isolate and the closest relatives, strain C9-28T (=KACC 19823T=DSM 107559T) represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus , for which the name Rhodococcus subtropicus sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, heterotrophic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped strain, designated SJ-23T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from Langfang, Hebei Province, central PR China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with those of members of the genus Agromyces . The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid and three unidentified lipids. The predominant menaquinones detected were MK-12, MK-11 and MK-10. Major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain SJ-23T belongs to the genus Agromyces with high sequence similarities to Agromyces ramosus DSM 43045T (99.2 %), Agromycescerinus subsp. cerinus DSM 8595T (98.8 %) and Agromyces cerinus subsp. nitratus DSM 8596T (98.6 %). Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a separate branch in the genus Agromyces . Furthermore, the combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain SJ-23T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that strain SJ-23T represents a novel species of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces tardus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SJ-23T (=CGMCC 4.7419T=DSM 105049T).

A psychrophilic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated Hh39T, was isolated from Xinjiang No. 1 glacier in PR China. Strain Hh39T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and could grow at 0–18 °C, pH 6.0–11.0 and in the presence of 0–2.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Hh39T belonged to the genus Cryobacterium . The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found to the type strains of Cryobacterium levicorallinum (99.01 %), Cryobacterium luteum (98.90 %), Cryobacterium aureum (98.90 %) and Cryobacterium roopkundense (98.75 %). However, the low average nucleotide identity (80.65–81.89 %) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values (22.1–23.8 %) between strain Hh39T and its four closest relatives indicated that it represents a novel species of the genus Cryobacterium . The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:1, iso-C16:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The major menaquinone was MK-10. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of results of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, a novel species, Cryobacterium melibiosiphilum sp. nov., is proposed, with Hh39T (=NBRC 107884T=CGMCC 1.11212T) as the type strain.

A halophilic archaeaon, strain LT12T, was isolated from saline soil sampled at the Tarim Basin, PR China. The novel strain stained Gram-negative, cells were rod-shaped, and formed light red-pigmented colonies on agar plate. Strain LT12T grew optimally at 3.1 M NaCl, 0.05 M MgCl2, 37 °C and pH 7.5. The cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 1.4 M. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and rpoB′ genes, strain LT12T was most closely related to Halostella salina CBA1114T(94.4–95.9  and 93.6 % similarities, respectively). The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain LT12T and H. salina CBA1114T were 81.0 and 24.3 %, respectively. The major polar lipids of strain LT12T were phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and three unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 67.2 mol % (genome). Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain LT12T represents a novel species of the genus Halostella for which the name Halostella limicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LT12T (=CGMCC 1.14941T=JCM 30667T).

Strain ZH6T is a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium isolated from manganese mine soil. Strain ZH6T had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Mucilaginibacter yixingensis YX-36T (96.9 %) and Mucilaginibacter psychrotolerans NH7-4T (96.8 %). The genome size of strain ZH6T was 4.61 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain ZH6T and M. yixingensis DSM 26809T were 70.6 and 19.2 %, respectively. Strain ZH6T had menaquinone-7 as a major quinone and main cellular fatty acids of iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids of strain ZH6T were a phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminophospholipids and four unidentified lipids. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, strain ZH6T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter , for which the name Mucilaginibacter terrenus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is ZH6T (=CCTCC AB 2018373T=KCTC 72075T).

A rod-shaped, spore-forming, thermophilic, chemoorganotrophic, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain, 1017T, was isolated from production water sampled at the Dagang oilfield (PR China), and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The strain is capable of anaerobic glucose fermentation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Optimal growth was observed at 60–65 °C, at pH between pH 7.0 and 7.5, and with 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA, gyrB and parE gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Geobacillus and was most closely related to Geobacillus thermoleovorans KCTC 3570T (99.5, 96.1 and 97.9 % sequence similarity, respectively). Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.57495 Mb and a DNA G+C content of 51.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the genomes of strain 1017T and G. thermoleovorans KCTC 3570T were 95.9 and 64.9 %, respectively. Results of phylogenomic metrics analysis of the genome and 1172 core genes of strain 1017T and its physiological and biochemical characteristics confirmed that strain 1017T represented a novel species of the genus Geobacillus , for which the name Geobacillus proteiniphilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1017T (=VKM B-3132T=KCTC 33986T).

Strain 28462T, which had Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative coccus-shaped cells, was isolated from a routine tracheal sample from a 3 year old thoroughbred horse. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed it to be most closely related to, but distinct from, Streptococcus henryi (95.7 % identity), Streptococcus plurextorum (95.8 %), Streptococcus porci (96.4 %) and Streptococcus caprae (95.1 %). Similarity values derived from sequences from sodA and rpoB genes were consistent with strain 28462T belonging to a species distinct from these four streptococci. At the whole genome level, strain 28462T had an average nucleotide identity value <95 % and an inferred DNA–DNA hybridization value <70 % when compared to S. henryi , Streptococcus plurextorum and S. porci with no S. caprae genome sequence being available. Finally, various phenotypic characteristics distinguish strain 28462T from each of these species. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic results, it is proposed that strain 28462T is a novel species, with the name Streptococcus hillyeri sp. nov. The type strain is 28462T (=DSM 107591T=CCUG 72762T).

Two novel strains, designated YLB-02T and YLB-04T, were isolated from the deep-sea sediments of Yap Trench located in the Pacific Ocean. Cells of the strains were Gram-stain-positive, oxidase- and catalase-positive and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YLB-02T belonged to the genus Oceanobacillus and strain YLB-04T belonged to the genus Bacillus . Strain YLB-02T showed similarities of 96.9 % with Ornithinibacillus contaminans CCUG 53201T, 96.3 % with Oceanobacillus profundus CL-MP28T, 96.1 % with Oceanobacillus halophilus J8BT and 95.7 % with Oceanobacillus bengalensis Ma-21T. Strain YLB-04T showed the highest sequence similarity of 97.4 % with Bacillus notoginsengisoli SYP-B691T. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and the DNA–DNA hybridisation (DDH) estimate values for strain YLB-02T and YLB-04T with their related type strains were below the respective threshold for species differentiation. The G+C contents of strains YLB-02T and YLB-04T were 37.3 and 45.4 mol%. The predominant (>10 %) cellular fatty acids of strain YLB-02T were iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c alcohol, and those of strain YLB-04T were C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 0. Their predominant ubiquinone was MK-7. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain YLB-02T contained glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, lysine and ornithine, but no meso-diaminopimelic acid, while strain YLB-04T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, lysine and ornithine. In addition to diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the polar lipids of strain YLB-02T also consisted of an unidentified glycolipid (GL), two unidentified polar lipids (L1 and L2) and two unidentified phospholipids (PL1 and PL2), and those of strain YLB-04T also consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and an unidentified phospholipid (PL). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, two novel species are proposed, Oceanobacillus piezotolerans sp. nov. with YLB-02T (=MCCC 1A12699T=JCM 32870T) and Bacillus piezotolerans sp. nov. with YLB-04T (=MCCC 1A12711T=JCM 32872T) as the type strains.

A Gram-stain-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain BH258T, was isolated from solar saltern sediment sampled at Shinan in the Republic of Korea. Cells of strain BH258T were found to be strictly aerobic, motile, endospore-forming rods which could grow at 15–45 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 5.5–9.0 (pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0.5–20 % (w/v) NaCl (7–10%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BH258T belongs to the genus Aquibacillus , showing highest sequence similarity to Aquibacillus koreensis BH30097T (96.1 %), Aquibacillus albus YIM 93624T (95.9 %), Aquibacillus halophilus B6BT (95.6 %) and Aquibacillus salifodinae WSY08-1T (95.1 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was identified as menaquinone-7, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was determined to be 37.35 mol%. On the basis of the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses in this study, strain BH258T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Aquibacillus , for which the name Aquibacillus sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH258T (=KACC 18680T=NBRC 111875T).

Fourteen Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains were isolated from Chinese traditional pickle and yogurt. The strains were characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, pheS gene sequence analysis, rpoA gene sequence analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, determination of average nucleotide identity, fatty acid methyl ester analysis and an analysis of phenotypic features. The data demonstrated that the fourteen strains represented nine novel species belonging to the genus Lactobacillus , strains 54-2T, 54-5T, 33-7T, 116-2T, 184-8T, 204-8T, 8-1(1)T, 256-3T and M1575T were designated as the type strains. Strain 54-2T was phylogenetically related to the type strains of Lactobacillus composti and Lactobacillus floricola , having 96.5 and 91.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, less than 74.6 % pheS gene sequence similarities, less than 81.6 % rpoA gene sequence similarities and less than 72.5 % ANI values. Strain 54-5T was phylogenetically related to the type strains of Lactobacillus dextrinicus and Lactobacillus concavus , exhibiting 99.1 and 97.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, less than 83.1 % pheS gene sequence similarities, less than 93.1 % rpoA gene sequence similarities and less than 79.9 % ANI values. Strains 33-7T, 116-2T, 184-8T, 204-8T, 8-1(1)T, 256-3T and M1575T were phylogenetically related to the type strains of Lactobacillus tucceti , Lactobacillus nodensis , Lactobacillus insicii , Lactobacillus allii , Lactobacillus metriopterae , Lactobacillus terrae , Lactobacillus versmoldensis and Lactobacillus furfuricola , sharing 95.6–100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, less than 91.6 % pheS gene sequence similarities, less than 98.2 % rpoA gene sequence similarities and less than 89.4 % ANI values. Based upon the data of polyphasic characterisation obtained in the present study, nine novel species, Lactobacillus yilanensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus bayanensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus keshanensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus kedongensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus baiquanensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus jidongensis jidongensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus hulinensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus mishanensis sp. nov. and Lactobacillus zhongbaensis sp. nov., are proposed and the type strains are 54-2T (=NCIMB 15154T=CCM 8896T=KCTC 21120T=LMG 31058T), 54-5T (=NCIMB 15151T=CCM 8894T), 33-7T (=NCIMB 15153T=CCM 8936T=KCTC 21118T=LMG 31166T), 116-2T (=NCIMB 15158T=CCM 8899T=KCTC 21124T=LMG 31051T), 184-8T (=NCIMB 15152T=CCM 8895T=KCTC 21131T=LMG 31050T), 204-8T (=NCIMB 15159T=CCM 8900T=KCTC 21133T=LMG 31054T), 8-1(1)T (=NCIMB 15156T=CCM 8898T=KCTC 21115T=LMG 31047T), 256-3T (=NCIMB 15160T=CCM 8901T=LMG 31048T) and M1575T (=NCIMB 15149T=CCM 8892T=LMG 31045T), respectively.

Five novel lactic acid bacterial strains, isolated from Chinese traditional pickle juice, were characterised by a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, pheS gene sequence analysis, rpoA gene sequence analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, in silico DNA–DNA hybridisation (isDDH), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and an analysis of phenotypic features. Strains 241-2-2T, 63-4T and 190-7T were closely related to the type strains of Enterococcus devriesei , Enterococcus viikkiensis , Enterococcus pseudoavium , Enterococcus xiangfangensis , Enterococcus avium , Enterococcus malodoratus , Enterococcus raffinosus and Enterococcus gilvus , having 99.1–99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Strain 94-2T was distantly related to the type strains of Enterococcus phoeniculicola , Enterococcus rivorum and Enterococcus faecalis , having 95.2–96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Strain 85-4T was distantly related to the type strains of Enterococcus casseliflavus , Enterococcus gallinarum , Enterococcus dispar , Enterococcus canintestini , Enterococcus saigonensis , Enterococcus diestrammenae , Enterococcus asini , Enterococcus cecorum and Enterococcus columbae , having 95.7–97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Less than 91.5 % ANI and 45.3 % isDDH values between strains 241-2-2T, 63-4T, 190-7T, 94-2T, 85-4T and type strains of phylogenetically related species showed that they represent five new species within the genus Enterococcus . Based upon the data of polyphasic characterisation obtained in the present study, five novel species, Enterococcus pingfangensis sp. nov., Enterococcus dongliensis sp. nov., Enterococcus hulanensis sp. nov., Enterococcus nangangensis sp. nov. and Enterococcus songbeiensis sp. nov., are proposed and the type strains are 241-2-2T (=NCIMB 15185T=CCM 8921T=LMG 31181T), 63-4T (=NCIMB 15178T=CCM 8922T), 190-7T (=NCIMB 15200T=CCM 8949T), 94-2T (=NCIMB 15180T=CCM 8920T=LMG 31180T) and 85-4T (=NCIMB 15179T=CCM 8923T=LMG 31183T), respectively.

Seven novel lactic acid bacterial strains, isolated from traditional Chinese pickle, were characterized using a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, pheS gene sequence analysis, rpoA gene sequence analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, determination of average nucleotide identity (ANI), in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and an analysis of phenotypic features. Strains 382-1T, 116-1AT, 381-7T, 203-3T, 218-3T and 398-2T were phylogenetically related to the type strains of Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum , Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis , Lactobacillus pentosus , Lactobacillus paraplantarum , Lactobacillus fabifermentans , Lactobacillus herbarum , Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis , Lactobacillus xiangfangensis , Lactobacillus plajomi and Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans , having 97.1–99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, less than 89.9 % pheS gene sequence similarities, less than 98.0 % rpoA gene sequence similarities, less than 91.2 % ANI values and less than 43.3 % isDDH values. Strain 778-3T was phylogenetically related to the type strains of Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis , Lactobacillus wasatchensis , Lactobacillus oligofermentans , Lactobacillus nenjiangensis , Lactobacillus vaccinostercus and Lactobacillus suebicus , exhibiting 97.0–99.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 78.2–82.1 % pheS gene sequence similarities, 80.0–91.5 % rpoA gene sequence similarities, less than 78.6 % ANI values and less than 22.9 % isDDH values. Based upon the data of polyphasic characterization obtained in the present study, seven novel species, Lactobacillus pingfangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus daoliensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus nangangensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus daowaiensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus dongliensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus songbeiensis sp. nov. and Lactobacillus kaifaensis sp. nov., are proposed and the type strains are 382-1T (=NCIMB 15187T=CCM 8935T=LMG 31176T), 116-1AT (=NCIMB 15181T=CCM 8934T=LMG 31171T), 381-7T (=NCIMB 15186T=CCM 8930T), 203-3T (=NCIMB 15183T=CCM 8933T=LMG 31172T), 218-3T (=NCIMB 15184T=CCM 8932T=LMG 31173T), 398-2T (=NCIMB 15189T=CCM 8931T=LMG 31174T) and 778-3T (=NCIMB 15191T=CCM 8929T=LMG 31177T), respectively.