- Volume 68, Issue 4, 2018

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 122CH820-2T, was isolated from spongin. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Strain 122CH820-2T grew well at 25–30 °C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 122CH820-2T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and was closely related to Aquimarina mytili PSC33T (96.8 % sequence similarity) and A. penaei P3-1T (96.7 %). Lower sequence similarities (<96.5 %) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Aquimarina . The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.2 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6 and the major fatty acids were C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminophospholipid and five unidentified polar lipids. Strain 122CH820-2T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Aquimarina . The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Aquimarina spongiicola sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 122CH820-2T (=KACC 19274T=LMG 30078T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated MLS-26-JM13-11T, was isolated from potato stems, collected in Guyuan County, Hebei Province, China. Strain MLS-26-JM13-11T could grow at 10–39 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.2) and in the presence of 0–4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 % w/v). Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain MLS-26-JM13-11T formed a stable clade with Sphingobacterium bambusae IBFC2009T and Sphingobacterium griseoflavum SCU-B140T, with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranging from 95.9 % to 97.0 %. The major cellular fatty acids comprised iso-C15 : 0 (36.9 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, 34.0 %), C16 : 0 (3.0 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (13.4 %). Strain MLS-26-JM13-11T contained sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, six unknown lipids, one unknown aminolipid, four unknown polarlipids and two unknown aminophospholipids. The isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 42.6 mol%. Furthermore, the average nucleotide identity and in silico estimated DNA–DNA reassociation values among MLS-26-JM13-11T and S. bambusae KCTC 22814T were in all cases below the respective threshold for species differentiation. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain MLS-26-JM13-11T (=ACCC 60057T=JCM 32274T) represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium , for which the name Sphingobacterium solani sp. nov. is proposed.

Strain 17mud1-7T, a pink, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and Gram-reaction-negative bacterium, was isolated from wet mud. The isolate grew aerobically at 18–37 °C (optimum 28 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 17mud1-7T belonged to the genus Adhaeribacter with highest sequence similarity of 96.4 % to Adhaeribacter aerophilus 6424S-25T. The strain showed the typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Adhaeribacter , with the presence of menaquinone MK-7 as the respiratory quinone, and summed feature 4 (composed of iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω5c as the major fatty acids are. The polar lipid profile contained two aminophosphoglycolipids, two glycolipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 17mud1-7T was 45.9 mol%. Strain 17mud1-7T should thus be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Adhaeribacter , for which the name Adhaeribacter swui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17mud1-7T (=KCTC 52873T=NBRC 112824T).

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and strictly aerobic bacterial strain, named 1-32T, was isolated from soil of the Ordos grassland in Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain 1-32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Pedobacter luteus N7d-4T (95.4 %), Pedobacter oryzae DSM 19973T (95.3 %), ‘ Pedobacter xinjiangensis ' 12157T (95.2 %) and Pedobacter tournemirensis TF5-37.2-LB10T (95.1 %). Phylogenetic analyses clustered strain 1-32T with ‘P. xinjiangensis' 12157T and P. tournemirensis TF5-37.2-LB10T. The DNA G+C content was 43.4 mol%. Menaquinone 7 was the main respiratory quinone. The predominant fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1 ω5c. The polar lipids of strain 1-32T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified polar lipids, one unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. Strain 1-32T could be distinguished from the other members of the genus Pedobacter based on its phylogenetic distance and physiological and biochemical characteristics such as being negative for the assimilation of rhamnose and the activity of α-glucosidase. Therefore, strain 1-32T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter , for which the name Pedobacter mongoliensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-32T (=KCTC 52859T=CCTCC AB 2017084T).

A bright-red bacterial strain, TAPP3T, was isolated from a freshwater sample taken from the Wanan Creek in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that TAPP3T represented a member of the genus Hymenobacter and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity to Hymenobacter ginsengisoli DCY57T (97.0 %) and Hymenobacter marinus KJ035T (96.5 %) and less than 96.2 % with other members of the genus. Cells of TAPP3T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rods that were surrounded by a thick capsule. Growth occurred at 20–35 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 6.5–7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0–1 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). TAPP3T contained iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 1ω5c as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, six uncharacterized aminophospholipids and four uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.8 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness of TAPP3T with respect to Hymenobacter ginsengisoli DCY57T was less than 40 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, TAPP3T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter rivuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TAPP3T (=BCRC 80979T=LMG 29559T=KCTC 52236T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA3-3-1T, was isolated from splendid alfonsino (Beryxsplendens) collected from the North Pacific Ocean. Strain RA3-3-1T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA3-3-1T belonged to the genus Bizionia , clustering with the type strain of Bizionia fulviae . Strain RA3-3-1T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.7, 97.6 and 97.3 % to the type strains of B. fulviae , Bizionia paragorgiae and Bizionia saleffrena , respectively, and of 95.5–96.4 % to the type strains of the other Bizionia species. Strain RA3-3-1T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and C17 : 0 2-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA3-3-1T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA3-3-1T was 34.1 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of B. fulviae , B. paragorgiae and B. saleffrena were 12–29 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA3-3-1T is separate from recognized species of the genus Bizionia . On the basis of the data presented, strain RA3-3-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bizionia , for which the name Bizionia berychis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA3-3-1T (=KCTC 62140T=NBRC 113024T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated MYP2-2T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a squid (Todarodes pacificus) collected from the East Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain MYP2-2T grew optimally at 30–35 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MYP2-2T belonged to the genus Vitellibacter . Strain MYP2-2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4–96.6 % to the type strains of Vitellibacter species and of less than 94.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species examined. Strain MYP2-2T contained menaquinone MK-6 as the predominant respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain MYP2-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MYP2-2T was 41.6 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain MYP2-2T is separated from recognized species of the genus Vitellibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain MYP2-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Vitellibacter , for which the name Vitellibacter todarodis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MYP2-2T (=KCTC 62141T=NBRC 113025T).

A yellowish-pink-coloured bacterial strain, TAPY14T, was isolated from a freshwater creek in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TAPY14T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and showed the highest similarity (97.3 %) with respect to Flavobacterium reichenbachii WB 3.2-61T, Flavobacterium ginsengisoli DCY54T and Flavobacterium defluvii EMB117T and less than 97 % with other members of the genus. Cells of strain TAPY14T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding and rod-shaped. Optimal growth occurred at 20–30 °C, pH 6 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. Strain TAPY14T contained iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, four uncharacterized aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38.1 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization values for strain TAPY14T with F. reichenbachii DSM 21791T, F. ginsengisoli JCM 17336T and F. defluvii DSM 17963T were less than 30 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain TAPY14T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium fluviatile sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TAPY14T (=BCRC 81012T=LMG 29733T=KCTC 52446T).

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain TH021T, was isolated from cyanobacterial aggregates in a eutrophic lake, Taihu Lake, China. Optimal growth occurred at pH 7.0 (range: 5.0–10.0), 28 °C (range, 4–32 °C) and 0 % (w/v) NaCl (range, 0–1.0 %) in Reasoner’s 2A broth. No growth was observed at 37 °C. The cells were found to be positive for oxidase and catalase activities. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate was affiliated with the genus Flavobacterium , with the highest sequence similarity found to Flavobacterium hauense BX12T (94.92 %), followed by Flavobacterium suzhouense XIN-1T (94.85 %), Flavobacterium arcticum SM1502T (94.79 %) and Flavobacterium beibuense F44-8T (94.30 %). The genomic G+C content of strain TH021T was 41.9 mol% based on total genome calculations. Average nucleotide identities and digital DNA–DNA hybridizations values for complete genomes ranged from 69.4 to 72.8 and 18.0 to 23.8 % between strain TH021T and strains within the genus Flavobacterium . The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, and genome analysis suggested that strain TH021T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium cyanobacteriorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TH021T (=LMG 29720T=CGMCC 1.16325T).

The prokaryotic genus name Nemorella Chaudhary et al. 2018 is illegitimate because it is a later homonym of the plant genus name Nemorella Ehrhart 1789 [Principle 2 of the Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision)]. This name is therefore not a correct name (Principle 6). Based on Rule 54 we propose the replacement name Nemorincola with Nemorincola caseinilytica as the type species.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OITF-44T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Oido, an island of the Republic of Korea. Strain OITF-44T grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OITF-44T formed an independent lineage within the clade comprising the genera Lutimonas , Taeania , Actibacter and Namhaeicola . The novel strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.9–95.7 % to the type strains of the species of the genera Lutimonas , Taeania , Actibacter and Namhaeicola , and of less than 93.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain OITF-44T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C16 : 1 H and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OITF-44T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content of strain OITF-44T was 33.9 mol%. The chemotaxonomic data and other differential phenotypic properties made it reasonable to distinguish strain OITF-44T from the type strains of the type species of the genera Lutimonas , Taeania , Actibacter and Namhaeicola . On the basis of the data presented here, strain OITF-44T is considered to constitute a new genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae , for which the name Aestuariimonas insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariimonas insulae is OITF-44T (=KACC 19569T=KCTC 62197T=DSM 105891T=NBRC 113118T).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterium isolated from a coolant lubricant was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain KSS164-79T shared highest similarity (92.3–92.4 %) to type strains of the species Marinicrinis sediminis, Paenibacillus dongdonensis , Paenibacillus abyssi and Paenibacillus motobuensis . In phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene, strain KSS164-79T always formed a distinct cluster with the type strain of M. sediminis . The fatty acid profile supported the grouping of the strain to the genus Marinicrinis . As major fatty acids, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were detected. The polar lipid profile contained the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified glycolipids. The major quinone was menaquinone MK-7. In addition, physiological and biochemical test results allowed the clear phenotypic differentiation of strain KSS164-79T from M. sediminis . Hence, KSS164-79T represents a novel species of the genus Marinicrinis , for which the name Marinicrinis lubricantis sp. nov. is proposed, with KSS164-79T (=DSM 104943T=LMG 30062T=CCM 8749T=CIP 111345T) as the type strain.

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid- or oval-shaped bacterium, designated strain KB1T, was isolated from a faecal sample of a patient with diverticulitis in South Korea. Degeneracies in the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KB1T were resolved by cloning, which yielded five different sequences with heterogeneity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KB1T formed a monophyletic branch with species in the genus Blautia , with highest sequence similarity to the type strain of Blautia producta (97.7–98.9 %), followed by Blautia coccoides (97.5–98.1 %). Strain KB1T was able to grow at temperatures of between 15 and 42 °C, with optimal growth at 37 °C, and in the presence of 20 % dehydrated bile. Acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and fumaric acid were produced by strain KB1T from Gifu anaerobic medium broth as metabolic fermentation end-products. The major cellular fatty acids of strain KB1T were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 dimethyl aldehyde. The DNA G+C content was 46.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain KB1T and the type strain of B. producta was 84.1 %. On the basis of polyphasic analysis, strain KB1T represents a novel species in the genus Blautia , for which the name Blautia hominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KB1T (=KCTC 15618T=JCM 32276T).

A strain of a novel anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative coccus was isolated from the tongue biofilm of a Thai child. This strain was shown, at the phenotypic level and based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, to be a member of the genus Veillonella . Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA, dnaK and rpoB gene sequences indicated that phylogenetically the strain comprised a distinct novel branch within the genus Veillonella . The novel strain showed 99.8, 95.1 and 95.9 % similarity to partial 16S rRNA, dnaK and rpoB gene sequences, respectively, to the type strains of the two most closely related species, Veillonella dispar ATCC 17748T and Veillonella tobetsuensis ATCC BAA-2400T. The novel strain could be discriminated from previously reported species of the genus Veillonella based on partial dnaK and rpoB gene sequencing and average nucleotide identity values. The major acid end-product produced by this strain was acetic acid under anaerobic conditions in trypticase-yeast extract-haemin with 1 % (w/v) glucose or fructose medium. Lactate was fermented to acetic acid and propionic acid. Based on these observations, this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Veillonella infantium sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T11011-4T (=JCM 31738T=TSD-88T).

Abacterial strain, designated MMFC1T, was isolated from a methanol-fed microbial fuel cell that had been inoculated with sludge obtained from a wastewater-treatment facility in a chemical plant. The strain grows by fermenting methanol to produce acetate under anaerobic conditions, while homoacetogenic growth is not observed. MMFC1T also grows on pyruvate and lactate but not on sugars and other organic acids. Cells are curved rods and motile, have peritrichous flagella, and form endospores. The genome sequence of strain MMFC1T supports the physiological data. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that strain MMFC1T is affiliated with the family Sporomusaceae , while the closest relative is S poromusa ovata with nucleotide-sequencesimilarity of 93.5 %. Major fatty acids are iso-C13 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1 ω9 and iso-C17 : 0. On the basis of its physiological, genomic and phylogenetic features, a novel genus and species are proposed to accommodate strain MMFC1T, with the name Methylomusa anaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Methylomusa anaerophila is MMFC1T (=JCM 31821T = KCTC 15592T).

The indigo-reducing, facultatively anaerobic and obligately alkaliphilic strains Bf-1T, Bf-2 and Bf-4 were isolated from an indigo fermentation liquor used for dyeing, which uses sukumo [composted Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) leaves] as a basic ingredient and was obtained from a craft centre in Date City, Hokkaido, Japan. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the closest neighbours of strain Bf-1T are Bacillus maritimus DSM 100413T (98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Bacillus persicus DSM 25386T (98.2 %) and Bacillus rigiliprofundi LMG 28275T (97.7 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain Bf-1T was almost identical to the sequences of strains Bf-2 and Bf-4 (99.9 %). Cells of strain Bf-1T stained Gram-positive and formed straight rods that achieved motility through a pair of subpolar flagella. Strain Bf-1T grew at temperatures of between 15 and 45 °C with optimum growth at 33‒40 °C. The strain grew in the pH range of pH 8‒12, with optimum growth at pH 10. The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and the DNA G+C content was 41.7 %. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. Phylogenetically related neighbours, although demonstrating high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>97.6 %) with strain Bf-1T, exhibited less than 9 % relatedness in DNA–DNA hybridization experiments. Based on evidence from this polyphasic study, the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name Bacillus fermenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is Bf-1T (=JCM 31807T=NCIMB 15079T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain S8T, was isolated from a soil sample obtained in Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain S8T were endospore-forming, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, and rod-shaped. S8T colonies were round, convex, wavy and white. Strain S8T grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 6–8, and up to 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain S8T was affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus in the family Paenibacillaceae and was most closely related to Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T and Paenibacillus physcomitrellae XBT (98.8 and 97.1 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 53.1±0.3 mol%. Strain S8T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two phospholipids, four aminophospholipids, an aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. The major fatty acid was anteiso-branched C15 : 0. The quinone was menaquinone MK-7. The peptidoglycan of strain S8T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA–DNA hybridization values of strain S8T with P. yonginensis KCTC 33428T and P. physcomitrellae DSM 29851T were 44 % and 32 %, respectively. Data from the DNA–DNA hybridization, biochemical, phylogenetic and physiological analyses indicate that strain S8T (=KCTC 33848T=JCM 31672T) represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus , for which the name Paenibacillus mobilis sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, motile and strictly aerobic strain, designated T3-209T, was isolated from sediment sampled at a water depth of 1206 m of the southern Okinawa Trough at station T1 (25.07° N, 122.58° E) near the Tangyin hydrothermal vent during an expedition on the R/V Kexue in May 2014. The strain was able to grow at a temperature range of 10–42 °C (optimum 28 °C). Growth was observed at NaCl concentrations (w/v) of 0–6 % (optimum 0 %). The pH range for growth was 7.0–9.0 (optimum 8.0). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain T3-209T belonged to the genus Bacillus within the family Bacillaceae and was most closely related to Bacillus drentensis LMG 21831T and Bacillus bataviensis LMG 21833T, with the same sequence similarity (97.0 %), but shared relatively low levels of similarity (92.6–96.9 %) to the type strains of other Bacillus species. The peptidoglycan type of strain T3-209T was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and alcohol-C16 : 1 ω7c. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The polar lipids of strain T3-209T comprised phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 41.8 mol%. Combining results of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and chemotaxonomic studies, strain T3-209T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus , for which the name Bacillus alkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T3-209T (=KCTC 33631T=DSM 29135T=MCCC 1K00503T).

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, motile and aerobic bacterium, designated LM2416T, was isolated from faeces of Lophuras winhoii living in Seoul Grand Park, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LM2416T belonged to the genus Virgibacillus , sharing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Virgibacillus necropolis LMG 19488T (99.0 %), Virgibacillus carmonensis LMG 20964T (98.4 %), Virgibacillus arcticus Hal 1T (98.3 %) and Virgibacillus flavescens S1-20T (97.9 %). The isolate grew at 10–30 °C, pH 6–7 and 0–20 % (w/v) NaCl. Optimal growth was observed at 30 °C, pH 6–7 and 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. Polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and two unknown aminophospholipids. The main menaquinone was MK-7. Strain LM2416T had alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid as cell-wall amino acids and ribose as a cell-wall sugar. The whole genome sequences of strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T were sequenced by PacBio RS II sequencing. The genome sequence-based G+C content of strain LM2416T was 39.5 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity value, showing genetic relatedness between strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T, was 78.3 %. Based on the phylogenetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain LM2416T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus , for which the name Virgibacillus phasianinus is proposed. The type strain is LM2416T (=KCTC 33927T=JCM 32144T).