- Volume 63, Issue Pt_12, 2013

A bacterial strain designated LTC-2T was isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain LTC-2T were Gram-reaction-negative, facultatively anaerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by means of a monopolar flagellum, non-spore-forming, slightly curved rods surrounded by a thick capsule and formed creamy white colonies. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 20–30 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0) and with 0–1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10 and the DNA G+C content was 58.5 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, two uncharacterized phospholipids and two uncharacterized aminophospholipids. The major polyamines were putrescine, homospermidine and spermidine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LTC-2T forms a distinct lineage with respect to closely related genera in the family Rhodospirillaceae , most closely related to the genera Elstera and Dongia , and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type species of related genera were less than 94 %. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain LTC-2T represents a novel genus and species of the family Rhodospirillaceae , for which the name Lacibacterium aquatile gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LTC-2T ( = BCRC 80445T = LMG 26999T = KCTC 32017T).

A novel non-motile, Gram-staining-negative, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated AG13T, isolated from a rain water pond at a plant nursery in Spain and characterized as a plant-growth-promoting bacterium, was investigated to determine its taxonomic status. The isolate grew best over a temperature range of 15–40 °C, at pH 5.0–8.0 and with 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl. Chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics of the isolate matched those described for members of the genus Chryseobacterium . The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 37.2 mol%. The strain had a polyamine pattern with sym-homospermidine as the major compound and produced flexirubin-type pigments. MK-6 was the dominant menaquinone and the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C17 : 1ω9c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, aminolipids and several unidentified lipids. The 16S rRNA gene showed 92.0–97.2 % sequence similarity with those of the members of the genus Chryseobacterium . Based on chemotaxonomic and phenotypic traits, and DNA–DNA hybridizations with the type strains of the most closely related species, the isolate is proposed to represent a novel species, Chryseobacterium hispalense, type strain AG13T ( = DSM 25574T = CCUG 63019T). Emended descriptions of the species Chryseobacterium defluvii , Chryseobacterium indologenes , Chryseobacterium wanjuense and Chryseobacterium gregarium are also provided.

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated THG-45T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon province in the Republic of Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 4–30 °C, at pH 5.5–9.0 and with 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl on nutrient agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain THG-45T was shown to belong to the genus Pedobacter and was related to Pedobacter borealis G-1T (98.8 %), P. alluvionis NWER-II11T (97.9 %), P. agri PB92T (97.9 %), P. terrae DS-57T (97.5 %), P. suwonensis 15-52T (97.4 %), P. sandarakinus DS-27T (97.0 %) and P. soli 15-51T (97.0 %), but DNA relatedness between strain THG-45T and these strains was below 36 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 39 mol%. The only isoprenoid quinone detected in strain THG-45T was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophosphoglycolipid. Phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference supported the affiliation of strain THG-45T to the genus Pedobacter , and a number of biochemical tests differentiated strain THG-45T from the recognized species of the genus Pedobacter . Therefore, the novel isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed, with THG-45T as the type strain ( = KACC 14530T = JCM 16721T).

A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, red-pigmented bacterial strain, designated ZLD-7T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from an arid area in Xinjiang Province in north-west China, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain ZLD-7T was a member of the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae , with sequence similarities of 93.7–96.2 % to type strains of other Pontibacter species. The only isoprenoid quinone of strain ZLD-7T was MK-7, and its major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 47.8 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is proposed that strain ZLD-7T represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacter , for which the name Pontibacter toksunensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZLD-7T ( = CCTCC AB 208003T = KCTC 23984T). Emended descriptions of Pontibacter roseus and Pontibacter akesuensis are also proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped and N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacterium, designated strain Th78T, was isolated from the intestine of a cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Th78T belonged to the genus Flaviramulus (family Flavobacteriaceae ) and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flaviramulus basaltis H35T (96.70 %). Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0–8.0 and at 28 °C. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and three unidentified polar lipids. Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the only respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of strain Th78T was 31.5 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic analysis, strain Th78T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flaviramulus , for which the name Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Th78T ( = JCM 18634T = KCTC 32142T = DSM 26285T). Emended descriptions of the genus Flaviramulus and Flaviramulus basaltis are also proposed.

Two strains, designated GCR0103T and GYR3121T, were isolated from seawater of the Saemangeum Embankment in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The cells of the two strains were Gram-reaction-negative and non-motile, and formed multicellular filaments. The colonies of the two strains were pink-pigmented and able to grow at 15–37 °C (optimum 25 °C) on R2A and NA medium. Strains GCR0103T and GYR3121T grew at pH 6.5–10 (optimum pH 7.5) and pH 5.5–9.5 (optimum pH 7.5), and within NaCl ranges of 0–0.4 % and 0–1 %, respectively. The polar lipid profiles of the two strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown aminolipids, an unknown phospholipid and four or five unknown lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains GCR0103T and GYR3121T were 56.0 and 54.5 mol%, respectively. The respiratory quinone detected in both strains was MK-7. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between GCR0103T and GYR3121T was 95.5 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of the two strains to closely related reference strains were less than 89 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes showed that GCR0103T and GYR3121T formed a distinct phyletic line in the family Cytophagaceae . On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strains GCR0103T and GYR3121T represent two novel species in a new genus within the family Cytophagaceae , for which the names Nibrella saemangeumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Nibrella viscosa sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Nibrella saemangeumensis is GCR0103T ( = KACC 16453T = JCM 17927T) and the type strain of Nibrella viscosa is GYR3121T ( = KACC 16447T = JCM 17925T).

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated N7T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a rice field in Jiangsu, China, and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain N7T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, pH 6.0–8.0, and in the presence of 1 % NaCl (w/v). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain N7T was a member of the genus Sphingobacterium and was closely related to Sphingobacterium multivorum IAM14316T (97.49 %) and Sphingobacterium canadense CR11T (97.11 %), sharing less than 97 % sequence similarities with other species of the genus Sphingobacterium . The predominant respiratory quinone of strain N7T was MK-7 and major fatty acids were summed features 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the DNA was 40.9±0.5 mol%. The levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain N7T and the most closely related species S. multivorum IAM 14316T and S. canadense CR11T were 21 % and 15 %, respectively. Based on these results, strain N7T is proposed to represent a separate species within the genus Sphingobacterium . The name Sphingobacterium changzhouense sp. nov. is suggested and the type strain is N7T ( = CCTCC AB 2012100T = KACC 16854T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain H32-4T, was isolated from 32 m deep water of Daechung reservoir in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, the closest neighbouring type strain was Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8T with which strain H32-4T shared 98.9 % sequence similarity. The most abundant fatty acids in whole cells of strain H32-4T were C15 : 0 iso (40.6 %), C17 : 0 iso 3-OH (22.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 9.3 %) and C15 : 0 (6.6 %). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain H32-4T was 45.7 mol%. Thus, these combined genotypic and phenotypic data supported the conclusion that strain H32-4T represents a novel species of the genus Lacibacter , for which the name Lacibacter daechungensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H32-4T ( = KCTC 32395T = JCM 19172T).

Two bacterial strains (JC130T and JA747T) were isolated from dry soils of a solar saltern. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain JA747T clustered with species of the genus Erythrobacter belonging to the family Erythrobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria , while strain JC130T clustered with species of the genus Pontibacter belonging to the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes . Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain JA747T had highest similarity with Erythrobacter gangjinensis K7-2T (96.7 %) and other members of the genus Erythrobacter (<96 %). Strain JC130T had highest sequence similarity with Pontibacter korlensis X14-1T (98.1 %), Pontibacter actiniarum KMM 6156T (96.9 %) and other members of the genus Pontibacter (<96 %). However, strain JC130T showed less than 32 % DNA reassociation value (based on DNA–DNA hybridization) with Pontibacter korlensis NRRL B-51097T ( = X14-1T) and Pontibacter actiniarum LMG 23027T ( = KMM 6156T). Strain JA747T was positive for catalase and oxidase activity and negative for nitrate reduction, and hydrolysis of starch and casein. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphostatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were the major polar lipids for strain JA747T. C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, C17 : 1ω6c and C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids of strain JA747T. Strain JC130T was positive for catalase and oxidase, and negative for gelatinase and nitrate reduction. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the major polar lipid of strain JC130T. Major fatty acids of strain JC130T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1B/iso I). Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular evidence presented, strains JA747T and JC130T are considered to represent two novel species of the genera Erythrobacter and Pontibacter , for which the names Erythrobacter odishensis sp. nov. (type strain JA747T = KCTC 23981T = NBRC 108930T) and Pontibacter odishensis sp. nov. (type strain JC130T = KCTC 23982T = LMG 26962T), respectively, are proposed. Emended descriptions of the genera Erythrobacter and Pontibacter are provided.

Two Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and red–pink-pigmented bacterial strains, designated GYR3077T and GSR0100T, were isolated from a water sample of the Mangyung estuary enclosed by the Saemangeum Embankment in JEOLlabuk-do, South Korea, and were characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA genes of strains GYR3077T and GSR0100T exhibited sequence similarities of 95.9 % to Hymenobacter deserti ZLB-3T and 96.6 % to Hymenobacter soli PB17T, respectively, and indicated that these isolates belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes . The major cellular fatty acids present in the two isolates were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The major respiratory quinone and polyamine patterns were menaquinone-7 and sym-homospermidine, characteristic of the genus Hymenobacter . Flexirubin-type pigments were absent in both strains. The DNA G+C contents of strains GYR3077T and GSR0100T were 60.2 mol% and 61.9 mol%, respectively. The major polar lipid of strains GYR3077T and GSR0100T was phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on the morphological and physiological properties, strains GYR3077T and GSR0100T were considered to represent two novel species of the genus Hymenobacter , for which the names Hymenobacter koreensis sp. nov. (type strain GYR3077T = KACC 16451T = JCM 17924T) and Hymenobacter saemangeumensis sp. nov. (type strain GSR0100T = KACC 16452T = JCM 17923T) are proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, THG-A18T, was isolated from soil of Gwangju province in South Korea. Strain THG-A18T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Strain THG-A18T displayed β-glucosidase activity, which enabled it to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain THG-A18T was shown to belong to the genus Chryseobacterium . The closest phylogenetic neighbours were Chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans THG 15T (97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similariity), C. defluvii B2T (97.7 %), C. daeguense K105T (97.6 %), C. taiwanense BCRC 17412T (97.5 %), C. indoltheticum LMG 4025T (97.4 %), C. gregarium P 461/12T (97.4 %) and C. lathyri RBA2-6T (97.3 %), but DNA–DNA relatedness values between these strains and strain THG-A18T were below 41.9 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone (MK-6) and fatty acids [iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0)] supported the affiliation of strain THG-A18T with the genus Chryseobacterium . The polar lipids of strain THG-A18T were phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids and seven unidentified lipids. A number of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain THG-A18T from recognized species of the genus Chryseobacterium . The name Chryseobacterium gwangjuense sp. nov. is proposed, with THG-A18T ( = KACC 16227T = LMG 26579T) as the type strain.

A Gram-reaction-negative, yellow-pigmented strain, designated EX36T, was characterized using a polyphasic approach comprising phylogenetic, morphological and genotypic analyses. The endophytic strain was isolated from Zn/Cd-accumulating Salix caprea in Arnoldstein, Austria. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated that the novel strain is most closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (95 % sequence similarity with Spirosoma linguale ). The genomic DNA G+C content was 47.2 mol%. The predominant quinone was and the major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain EX36T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Spirosoma , for which the name Spirosoma endophyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EX36T ( = DSM 26130T = LMG 27272T).

The taxonomic classification of 182 phenotypically similar isolates was evaluated using DNA–DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These bacterial isolates were mainly derived from clinical sources; all were Gram-negative non-fermenters and most were indole-producing. Phenotypically, they resembled species from the genera Chryseobacterium , Elizabethkingia or Empedobacter or belonged to CDC groups IIc, IIe, IIh and IIi. Based on these analyses, four novel species are described: Chryseobacterium bernardetii sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13530T = CCUG 60564T = CDC G229T), Chryseobacterium carnis sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13525T = CCUG 60559T = CDC G81T), Chryseobacterium lactis sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 11390T = CCUG 60566T = CDC KC1864T) and Chryseobacterium nakagawai sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13529T = CCUG 60563T = CDC G41T). The new combination Chryseobacterium taklimakanense comb. nov. (type strain NCTC 13490T = X-65T = CCTCC AB 208154T = NRRL B-51322T) is also proposed to accommodate the reclassified Planobacterium taklimakanense.

A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, red-pigmented bacterium, designated strain GSR3061T, was isolated from a water sample of the Mangyung estuary enclosed by the Saemangeum Embankment in JEOLlabuk-do of South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain GSR3061T indicated that the isolate belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes and exhibited similarity levels of 94.7 % to Rufibacter tibetensis NRRL B-51285T, 92.4 % to Adhaeribacter terreus KACC 14257T and 91.9 % to Pontibacter korlensis KACC 15371T. Growth was observed at 15–40 °C and pH 6.5–9.5. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B), iso-C15 : 0, C17 : 1ω6c and iso-C16 : 1 H. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The DNA G+C content of strain GSR3061T was 44.9 mol% and the major quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine; three unidentified lipids, two unknown aminolipids, two unknown phospholipids, an unknown aminophospholipid and an unknown glycolipid were also present. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is concluded that strain GSR3061T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Nibribacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Nibribacter koreensis is GSR3061T ( = KACC 16450T = JCM 17917T).

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, non-spore-forming, lipolytic and gliding marine bacterium designated strain CC-AMWY-103BT was isolated from surface seawater collected at Kending, Taiwan. The strain shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 89.4 % with Owenweeksia hongkongensis JCM 12287T and Brumimicrobium mesophilum YH207T, and established a distinct phyletic lineage associated with the members of the family Cryomorphaceae . The polar lipid profile of strain CC-AMWY-103BT consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, ten unidentified lipids and four unidentified aminolipids. The major fatty acids (>5 % of the total) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, C15 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C15 : 1ω8c. The DNA G+C content was 44.2±0.3 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the major polyamine was spermidine. Based on its genetic, phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic distinctiveness, strain CC-AMWY-103BT is proposed to represent a distinct member of the family Cryomorphaceae , for which the name Luteibaculum oceani gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain of Luteibaculum oceani is CC-AMWY-103BT ( = JCM 18817T = BCRC 80551T). An emended description of the genus Owenweeksia is also proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated WS-MY22T, was isolated from sediment around a brown algae reservoir located on Wando in South Korea. It grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY22T clustered coherently with the type strains of Algibacter lectus and Algibacter undariae . It exhibited sequence similarity of 99.4 and 98.9 % to the type strains of A. lectus and A. undariae , respectively, and of 95.1–96.6 % to those of the other species of the genus Algibacter . Strain WS-MY22T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain WS-MY22T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY22T was 35.8 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness with A. lectus KCTC 12103T and A. undariae WS-MY9T was 31 and 19 %, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WS-MY22T is separate from other species of the genus Algibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain WS-MY22T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algibacter , for which the name Algibacter wandonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY22T ( = KCTC 32381T = CECT 8301T).

As part of an undergraduate microbiology course, a yellow–orange-pigmented, Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain was isolated from a glass tank housing several red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of this strain, designated KMT, was 97.4–98.0 % similar to those of the type strains of Chryseobacterium luteum , C. shigense and C. vrystaatense , while the similarity levels for protein-coding genes were less than 94.7 % for rpoB, less than 92.1 % for groEL and less than 87.1 % for gyrB. These values are lower than for many other established distinct species. Polyphasic characterization and comparison to these relatives revealed that strain KMT was similar to other Chryseobacterium strains in that it contained MK-6 as its major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as the most abundant polar lipid, produced flexirubin-type pigments, oxidase and catalase and primarily contained the fatty acids iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Based on the results of this study, strain KMT represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium angstadtii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMT ( = ATCC BAA-2160T = NRRL B-59516T = KCTC 23297T).

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, pale yellow, aerobic bacterial strain, JC2902T, was isolated from a sediment sample of Ungok Lake in Gochang, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JC2902T belongs to the genus Flavobacterium and forms a distinct phyletic line within a clade containing four recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium . The genomic relatedness between strain JC2902T and closely related strains was calculated using average nucleotide identity values of whole genome sequences, which indicated that the new isolate represents a novel genomic species. Through comparison of chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic characteristics between strain JC2902T and the type strains of the four phylogenetically related species, a number of characteristics differentiated strain JC2902T from the previously described type strains. Differential characteristics of strain JC2902T include fatty acid profiles, cellular motility, inability to grow on Luria–Bertani and tripticase soy agar media, and absence of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and flexirubin-type pigments. Based on data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain JC2902T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium limnosediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC2902T ( = KACC 16937T = JCM 18661T).

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, non-spore-forming and gliding marine bacterium designated strain CC-AMZ-301T was isolated from coastal surface seawater near Taichung harbour, Taiwan. Strain CC-AMZ-301T predominantly synthesized zeaxanthin and thus formed yellow colonies on marine agar. The novel strain showed high pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Kordia periserrulae IMCC1412T (95.0 %), K. algicida KCTC 8814PT (94.4 %) and K. antarctica IMCC3317T (94.2 %), and formed a phylogenetic lineage tightly associated with species of the genus Kordia . The polar lipid profile of strain CC-AMZ-301T consisted of three unidentified lipids, three unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids (>5 % of total) were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polyamine was the triamine sym-homospermidine. Based on evidence from the present polyphasic study, strain CC-AMZ-301T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Kordia , for which the name Kordia aquimaris sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is CC-AMZ-301T ( = JCM 18556T = BCRC 80464T). An emended description of the genus Kordia is also proposed.