- Volume 63, Issue Pt_11, 2013

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can establish symbiotic associations with several Rhizobium species; however, the effectiveness of most strains at fixing nitrogen under field conditions is very low. PRF 81T is a very effective strain, usually referred to as Rhizobium tropici and used successfully in thousands of doses of commercial inoculants for the common bean crop in Brazil; it has shown high rates of nitrogen fixation in all areas representative of the crop in the country. Here, we present results that indicate that PRF 81T, although it belongs to the ‘ R. tropici group’, which includes 10 Rhizobium species, R. tropici , R. leucaenae , R. lusitanum , R. multihospitium , R. miluonense , R. hainanense , R. calliandrae , R. mayense , R. jaguaris and R. rhizogenes , represents a novel species. Several morpho-physiological traits differentiated PRF 81T from related species. Differences were also confirmed in the analysis of rep-PCR (sharing less than 45 % similarity with the other species), MLSA with recA, atpD and rpoB genes, and DNA–DNA hybridization. The novel species, for which we propose the name Rhizobium freirei sp. nov., is able to establish effective root nodule symbioses with Phaseolus vulgaris, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena esculenta, Crotalaria juncea and Macroptilium atropurpureum. The type strain is PRF 81T ( = CNPSo 122T = SEMIA 4080T = IPR-Pv81T = WDCM 440T).

Four heterotrophic bacterial strains belonging to the globally distributed marine RCA (Roseobacter clade-affiliated) cluster (family Rhodobacteraceae , class Alphaproteobacteria ) were obtained from coastal seawater samples. Strain RCA23T was isolated from a 10−7 dilution culture inoculated with seawater from the German Wadden Sea (southern North Sea), reflecting the high abundance of RCA bacteria in this habitat. Strains IMCC1909, IMCC1923 and IMCC1933 were isolated from diluted seawater (10−3) of the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, Octadecabacter antarcticus 307T is the closest described relative of the RCA strains, with 95.4–95.5 % sequence similarity. Cells of RCA23T, IMCC1909, IMCC1923 and IMCC1933 are small motile rods requiring sodium ions. Optimal growth of RCA23T occurs at 25 °C and within a very narrow pH range (pH 7–8, optimum pH 7.5). The DNA G+C base content of RCA23T is 53.67 mol%. The major respiratory lipoquinone is ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) and the dominant fatty acids (>1 %) are 12 : 1 3-OH, 16 : 1ω7c, 16 : 0, 18 : 1ω7c, 18 : 0 and 11-methyl 18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified phospholipids. On marine agar, RCA23T forms non-pigmented, transparent to light beige, small (<1 mm), circular, convex colonies. Strain RCA23T harbours all genes for the production of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a). Genes encoding the light-harvesting reaction centre of BChl a (pufM) were identified in all RCA strains. No visible pigmentation was observed for any of the strains under laboratory conditions, but spectrophotometric analysis revealed weak production of BChl a by RCA23T. Morphological, physiological and genotypic features of strain RCA23T suggest that it represents a novel species of a new genus within the Rhodobacteraceae , for which we propose the name Planktomarina temperata gen. nov., sp. nov., described previously by Giebel et al. [ISME J 5 (2011), 8–19] as ‘Candidatus Planktomarina temperata’. The type strain of Planktomarina temperata is RCA23T ( = DSM 22400T = JCM 18269T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and short rod-shaped bacterium, strain KBL009T, was isolated from the larval gut of Hermetia illucens. Strain KBL009T grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 6.0 and with 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KBL009T showed 97.6 % similarity to that of Paenalcaligenes hominis CCUG 53761AT indicating its classification with the genus Paenalcaligenes . The major fatty acids were cyclo-C17 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 2 (comprising C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 1). The respiratory quinones were ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), predominating, and a minor amount of Q-7. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown aminolipid and five unknown polar lipids. The polyamine pattern contained predominantly putrescine and relatively high amounts of spermidine. The betaproteobacterial-specific 2-hydroxyputrescine could only be detected in trace amounts. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 56.1 mol%. Results from DNA–DNA hybridization with P. hominis KCTC 23583T unambiguously demonstrated that strain KBL009T represents a novel species in the genus Paenalcaligenes . Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characterization, the novel species Paenalcaligenes hermetiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KBL009T ( = KACC 16840T = JCM 18423T). An emended description of the genus Paenalcaligenes is also provided.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-like, motile by peritrichous flagella and moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain B6T, was isolated a deep-sea sediment collected from the South Atlantic Ocean. The isolate grew with 0.5–15 % (w/v) NaCl, at 4–37 °C and pH 5.0–8.5 and showed a high tolerance to zinc, manganese, cobalt and copper ions. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C12 : 0 3-OH and C12 : 0. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. The genomic DNA G+C content was 61.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene comparisons indicated that strain B6T belonged to the genus Halomonas , and the closest relative was Halomonas xinjiangensis TRM 0175T (96.1 %). Based upon the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic data, strain B6T represents a novel species from the genus Halomonas , for which the name Halomonas zincidurans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B6T ( = CGMCC 1.12450T = JCM 18472T).

A novel anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain Olac 40T, was isolated from a Tunisian wastewater digestor. Cells were curved, motile rods or vibrios (5.0–7.0×0.5 µm). Strain Olac 40T grew at temperatures between 15 and 50 °C (optimum 40 °C), and between pH 5.0 and 9.0 (optimum pH 7.1). It did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated it up to 50 g l−1 (optimum 2 g l−1). In the presence of sulfate or thiosulfate, strain Olac 40T used lactate, pyruvate and formate as energy sources. Growth was observed on H2 only in the presence of acetate as carbon source. In the presence of sulfate or thiosulfate, the end products of lactate oxidation were acetate, sulfide and CO2. Sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite were used as terminal electron acceptors, but not elemental sulfur, nitrate or nitrite. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Olac 40T was 70 mol%. The profile of polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid and four phospholipids. The main fatty acids were C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain Olac 40T was affiliated with the family Desulfovibrionaceae within the class Deltaproteobacteria . On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and physiological characteristics, strain Olac 40T is proposed to be assigned to a novel species of the genus Desulfocurvus , for which the name Desulfocurvus thunnarius is proposed. The type strain is Olac 40T ( = DSM 26129T = JCM 18546T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain WM35T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of an abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, which was collected from the northern coast of Jeju in Korea. The cells of the isolate grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7, and with 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain WM35T was grouped in the genus Shimia and was closely related to the type strains of Shimia isoporae (98.7 % similarity) and Shimia marina (97.8 % similarity). The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 and C16 : 0 2-OH. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipids of strain WM35T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 53.8 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization values indicated <16 % genomic relatedness with members of the genus Shimia . The physiological, chemical and genotypic analyses indicated that strain WM35T represents a novel species of the genus Shimia , for which the name Shimia haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WM35T ( = KACC 17212T = JCM 18870T).

Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, yellow–orange-pigmented and motile bacterial strains, designated 8N4T, 9N2 and 10N3, were isolated from flower nectar of Amygdalus communis (almond) and Citrus paradisi (grapefruit). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains shared highest sequence similarity of 97.0 % with that of Phaseolibacter flectens ATCC 12775T and lower similarity with sequences from other type strains of genera of the Enterobacteriaceae . A polyphasic approach that included determination of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB and atpD gene sequences supported the classification of strains 8N4T, 9N2 and 10N3 within a novel species in a novel genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae . Strain 8N4T, and the reference strains of the novel species, grew at 4–35 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C), with 0–5.0 % NaCl (optimum, 3 % NaCl) and with 0–60 % sucrose (optimum, 10–25 % sucrose). Their major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain 8N4T was 46.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the floral nectar isolates are classified within a novel species in a new genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae , for which the name Rosenbergiella nectarea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rosenbergiella nectarea is 8N4T ( = LMG 26121T = DSM 24150T).

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, motile, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive strains of bacteria (JC131T and JC112) were isolated from Lonar, a soda lake in India. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strains JC131T and JC112 belong to the family Cohaesibacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and were most closely related to Cohaesibacter marisflavi DQHS21T (98.0 %) and Cohaesibacter gelatinilyticus CL-GR15T (96.0 %). Polar lipids of strains JC131T and JC112 include phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethnolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified lipids (L1 and L2). Both strains have diplopterol, diploptene, an unidentified hopane (UH) and bacteriohopane derivatives (BHD1 and 2) as major hopanoids and an unidentified pigment (P1). The predominant isoprenoid quinone of both strains was ubiquinone-10 (Q10). Whole-cell fatty acid analysis of both strains revealed that C18 : 1ω7c was the predominant cellular fatty acid and significant proportions of C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω9c, C18 : 0 and C20 : 1ω7c were also detected. The DNA G+C content of strains JC131T and JC112 was 54.6 and 53.8 mol%, respectively. The genome reassociation (based on DNA–DNA hybridization) of strains JC131T and JC112 with Cohaesibacter marisflavi NCCB 100300T ( = DQHS21T) was about 58 %, while between JC131T and JC112 it was about 87 %. On the basis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomical properties, strains JC131T and JC112 are differentiated from the other two members of the genus Cohaesibacter . Strains JC131T and JC112 represent a novel species of the genus Cohaesibacter , for which the name Cohaesibacter haloalkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC131T ( = KCTC 32038T = NBRC 109022T). An emended description of the genus Cohaesibacter is presented.

Two Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, strains EF212T and PS125T, were isolated from the octocorals Eunicea fusca and Plexaura sp., respectively. EF212T was isolated from a specimen of E. fusca collected off the coast of Florida, USA, and PS125T was isolated from a specimen of Plexaura sp. collected off the coast of Bimini, Bahamas. Analysis of the nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these novel strains were most closely related to Endozoicomonas montiporae CL-33T, E. elysicola MKT110T and E. numazuensis HC50T (EF212T, 95.6–97.2 % identity; PS125T, 95.1–96.4 % identity). DNA–DNA hybridization values among EF212T, PS125T, E. montiporae LMG 24815T and E. elysicola KCTC 12372T were far below the 70 % cut-off, with all values for duplicate measurements being less than 35 %. Both EF212T and PS125T required NaCl for growth and showed optimal growth at 2–3 % NaCl, 22-30 °C and pH 8.0. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0. The DNA G+C content of EF212T was 48.6 mol% and that of PS125T was 47.5 mol%. In addition to the genotypic differences observed between the two novel strains and related type strains, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic experiments also revealed differences between strains. Thus, strains EF212T and PS125T represent novel species of the genus Endozoicomonas , for which the names Endozoicomonas euniceicola sp. nov. and Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strains are EF212T ( = NCCB 100458T = DSM 26535T) for Endozoicomonas euniceicola sp. nov. and PS125T ( = NCCB 100438T = CECT 8353T) for Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola sp. nov. An emended description of the genus Endozoicomonas is also provided to encompass differences observed in the results of genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic tests compared from the original and amended genus descriptions.

A novel beige-pigmented, Gram-staining-negative, coccoid, motile and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, designated strain CJ24T, was isolated from the tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in South Korea. Characterization of this strain was performed on the basis of polyphasic taxonomic methods. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes revealed that strain CJ24T belongs to the genus Ferrimonas , sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.9 % with Ferrimonas marina DSM 16917T. Strain CJ24T was able to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 6.0 and in the presence of 2 % NaCl (w/v). As an isoprenoid quinone, menaquinone (MK-7) was predominantly identified from this strain, while ubiquinone (Q-7) was also present as a minor component. The DNA G+C content of strain CJ24T was 60.2 mol%. The most abundant cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso, C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 iso. Therefore, strain CJ24T represents a novel species in the genus Ferrimonas for which the name Ferrimonas gelatinilytica sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is CJ24T ( = KACC 17065T = JCM 18720T).

A Gram-staining-negative, yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, motile by gliding, designated HME7102T, was isolated from lagoon water in Korea. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME7102T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Flavobacterium . Strain HME7102T was closely related to Flavobacterium cheniae NJ-26T (94.5 %), Flavobacterium dongtanense LW30T (94.4 %) and Flavobacterium gelidilacus LMG 21477T (94.2 %). The major fatty acids of strain HME7102T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The major polyamine was homospermidine and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain HME7102T was 36.5 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME7102T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium jumunjinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HME7102T ( = KCTC 23618T = CECT 7955T). Emended descriptions of F. cheniae , F. dongtanense and F. gelidilacus are also proposed.

A facultatively anaerobic, Gram-staining-negative, pale red-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain YIM J14T, was isolated from a sediment sample from a salt mine in Yunnan, south-western China. Growth occurred at NaCl concentrations of between 2 % and 15 % (w/v) and optimally with 5–9 % NaCl. The optimum temperature and pH for growth of the strain were 28 °C and pH 7.5. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c/10-methyl-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile was composed predominantly of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and one unknown phospholipid. Minor amounts of other lipids were also detectable. The genomic DNA G+C content was 47.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain YIM J14T was related to Gracilimonas tropica in the phylum Bacteroidetes . The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YIM J14T and Gracilimonas tropica CL-CB462T was 96.9 %. A DNA–DNA hybridization experiment between strain YIM J14T and Gracilimonas tropica indicated levels of relatedness of 28 %. Chemotaxonomic data supported the placement of strain YIM J14T in the genus Gracilimonas . DNA–DNA hybridization and biochemical and physiological characterization allowed strain YIM J14T to be differentiated from Gracilimonas tropica . It is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Gracilimonas , for which the name Gracilimonas mengyeensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain YIM J14T ( = ACCC 10717T = DSM 21985T).

A novel pyrene-degrading, Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain P-4T, was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading enrichment of polluted soils from a coking chemical plant. Cells of strain P-4T were non-motile rods. Strain P-4T grew at 15–45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 8.5) and 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain P-4T was related phylogenetically to members of the genus Parapedobacter , with sequence similarity of 93.7–95.1 %. The cellular fatty acids of strain P-4T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0 ), anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, C16 : 0 3-OH and C17 : 0 2-OH. Cells contained menaquinone 7 as the major quinone. The polyamine of strain P-4T was homospermidine, and the main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and a sphingolipid. The G+C content of the DNA was 45.4 mol%. Strain P-4T showed a range of phenotypic characteristics that differentiated it from previously recognized Parapedobacter species, particularly its ability to use pyrene as a sole carbon source for growth and its alkaline optimal pH for growth (pH 8.5). On the basis of these results, it is concluded that strain P-4T represents a novel species of the genus Parapedobacter , for which the name Parapedobacter pyrenivorans (type strain P-4T = NBRC 109113T = CGMCC 1.12195T) is proposed. An emended description of the genus Parapedobacter is also provided.

A Gram-staining-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile bacterium, designated strain KOPRI 21160T, was isolated from Antarctic soil. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KOPRI 21160T was found to belong to the genus Polaribacter . Sequence similarity between strain KOPRI 21160T and the type strains of species of the genus Polaribacter was 94.2–98.3 %. The nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain KOPRI 21160T were Polaribacter butkevichii KCTC 12100T (98.3 % similarity) and Polaribacter irgensii KCTC 23136T (97.5 %). DNA–DNA relatedness was 50.6 %, between strain KOPRI 21160T and P. butkevichii KCTC 12100T, and 45.2 % between strain KOPRI 21160T and P. irgensii KCTC 23136T. Strain KOPRI 21160T grew at 4–37 °C and at pH 7.0–8.5. It could hydrolyse DNA, starch and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the only respiratory quinone, and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and C15 : 1ω6c were the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 30.0 mol%. Based on data from our polyphasic study, the organism is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter , for which we propose the name Polaribacter sejongensis sp. nov. The type strain is KOPRI 21160T ( = KCTC 23670T = JCM 18092T). Emended descriptions of the genus Polaribacter , Polaribacter butkevichii Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005 and Polaribacter irgensii Gosink et al. 1998 are also proposed.

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped, marine bacterial strain, CL-KR2T, was isolated from tropical seawater near Kosrae, an island in the Federated States of Micronesia. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CL-KR2T revealed a clear affiliation with the genus Gracilimonas . Based on phylogenetic analysis, strain CL-KR2T showed the closest phylogenetic relationship to Gracilimonas tropica CL-CB462T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.6 %. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain CL-KR2T and G. tropica CL-CB462T was 6.7 % (reciprocal 9.5 %). Strain CL-KR2T grew in the presence of 1–20 % sea salts and the optimal salt concentration was 3.5–5 %. The temperature and pH optima for growth were 35 °C and pH 7.5. The major cellular fatty acids (≥10.0 %) of strain CL-KR2T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C17 : 1ω9c and the only isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CL-KR2T was 43.2 mol%. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain CL-KR2T could be distinguished from the only member of the genus Gracilimonas with a validly published name. Thus, strain CL-KR2T should be assigned to a novel species in the genus Gracilimonas , for which the name Gracilimonas rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-KR2T ( = KCCM 90206T = JCM 18898T).

A strain of Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacteria, designated WS-MY3T, was isolated from a brown algae reservoir in South Korea. Strain WS-MY3T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY3T fell within the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genus Formosa , clustering coherently with the type strains of Formosa agariphila and Formosa algae . It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.7, 97.9 and 96.8 % to the type strains of F. agariphila, F. algae and Formosa spongicola , respectively. Strain WS-MY3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain WS-MY3T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY3T was 37.3 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with F. agariphila KCTC 12365T and F. algae KCTC 12364T were 23 % and 17 %, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WS-MY3T is separate from the three recognized species of the genus Formosa . On the basis of the data presented, strain WS-MY3T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Formosa , for which the name Formosa undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY3T ( = KCTC 32328T = CECT 8286T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated P4T, was isolated from Permian groundwater and identified on the basis of its phylogenetic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that P4T is affiliated with the family Flammeovirgaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes , but forms a distinct cluster within this family. The DNA G+C content of strain P4T was 45.2 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and iso-C15 : 0. MK-7 was the main respiratory quinone. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified polar lipids. Based on our extensive polyphasic analysis, a novel species in a new genus, Imperialibacter roseus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Imperialibacter roseus is P4T ( = CICC 10659T = KCTC 32399T).

A novel obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, non-motile Gram-reaction-negative bacterium was isolated from infant faeces. The strain, designated NSB1T, was able to grow on rich media at 30–37 °C, in the presence of up to 2 % (w/v) Oxgall and 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells of strain NSB1T produced catalase, but not urease and indole. Aesculin was not hydrolysed. The strain was able to utilize d-glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose and raffinose as electron donors. When grown on d-glucose, the main metabolic end products were propionic and acetic acids, with a minor product being succinic acid. The major cellular fatty acids, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0, were present at a 1 : 1 molar ratio. The major menaquinone was MK-11. The DNA G+C content was found to be 38.5 mol%. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis strain NSB1T is a member of the family Porphyromonadaceae , phylum Bacteroidetes . The closest relatives of the strain were Barnesiella viscericola (88.2 % identity) and Barnesiella intestinihominis (87.4 % identity). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties of strain NSB1T we conclude that this strain represent a novel species in a new genus within the family of Porphyromonadaceae for which the name Coprobacter fastidiosus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is NSB1T ( = DSM 26242T, = VKM B-2743T).

Five obligately anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, saccharolytic and proteolytic, non-spore-forming bacilli (strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28T, CD3 : 33, CD3 : 32 and CD3 : 34) are described. All five strains were isolated from the small intestine of a female child with coeliac disease. Cells of the five strains were short rods or coccoid cells with longer filamentous forms seen sporadically. The organisms produced acetic acid and succinic acid as major metabolic end products. Phylogenetic analysis based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed close relationships between CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28T and CD3 : 33, between CD3 : 32 and Prevotella histicola CCUG 55407T, and between CD3 : 34 and Prevotella melaninogenica CCUG 4944BT. Strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28T and CD3 : 33 were clearly different from all recognized species within the genus Prevotella and related most closely to but distinct from P. melaninogenica . Based on 16S rRNA, RNA polymerase β-subunit (rpoB) and 60 kDa chaperonin protein subunit (cpn60) gene sequencing, and phenotypic, chemical and biochemical properties, strains CD3 : 27, CD3 : 28T and CD3 : 33 are considered to represent a novel species within the genus Prevotella , for which the name Prevotella jejuni sp. nov. is proposed. Strain CD3 : 28T ( = CCUG 60371T = DSM 26989T) is the type strain of the proposed novel species. All five strains were able to form homologous aggregates, in which tube-like structures were connecting individual bacteria cells. The five strains were able to bind to human intestinal carcinoma cell lines at 37 °C.