- Volume 33, Issue 2, 1983
Volume 33, Issue 2, 1983
- Book Reviews
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- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Bifidobacterium gallinarum sp. nov.: a New Species Isolated from the Ceca of Chickens
More LessBifidobacterium gallinarum sp. nov. is described. Ten strains of this species were isolated from chicken ceca. These strains are obligately anaerobic, grampositive, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, slightly curved, short rod-shaped organisms with pointed ends; the cells occur singly, in pairs, and sometimes in short chains. The fermentation products from glucose or fructose are lactic acid and acetic acid in a molar ratio of 1:4.0 ± 0.2 in broth. These isolates differ from other species in the genus Bifidobacterium in morphology, carbohydrate fermentation pattern, guanine-pluscytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid homologies. The type strain of B. gallinarum is Ch206-5 (= ATCC 33777).
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Klebsiella trevisanii: a New Species from Water and Soil
More LessWe determined the taxonomic position of 17 strains of bacteria that were previously classified as “Klebsiella-like” strains, corresponding to group K of Gavini et al. [Ann. Microbiol. (Paris) 128B:45–59, 1977]. These strains were isolated from sewage, surface waters, drinking waters, and unpolluted soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridizations and a numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns were used in this study. At least 82% of the group K strains investigated formed a tight protein electrophoretic cluster. The DNA homology values for all of the selected group K strains were higher than 73% and indicated the genetic homogeneity of this group. Two strains, CUETM 77-177 and CUETM 78-134, which were classified as group L strains by Gavini et al., were identified as true members of group K by the above-mentioned methods. The protein gel electrophoretic technique permitted distinction of group K strains from other species of the genus Klebsiella. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed relatedness values of 40 to 71% between the reference strain of group K and the species Klebsiella mobilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella terrigena. Phenotypic characteristics, protein electrophoretic patterns, and the results of DNA-DNA hybridizations supported the individuality of group K, and we propose the name Klebsiella trevisanii sp. nov. for the strains of this group. These strains were positive in the Voges-Proskauer, urease, and β-galactosidase tests, grew at 4 and 41°, utilized histamine as a carbon source, did not ferment melezitose, and did not use m-hydroxybenzoate; indole was produced by 42% of the isolates. Strain CIP 81-36 (= CUETM 78-120) was designated the type strain of this species.
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Comparison of Aerotolerant and Reference Strains of Campylobacter Species by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
More LessAcid-phenol extracts of as-yet-unnamed aerotolerant Campylobacter sp. strains isolated from animal genitalia and fetuses were compared with extracts of reference strains of Campylobacter species by using polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis. The electrophoretic protein profiles confirmed the uniqueness of the aerotolerant isolates within the genus Campylobacter and provided a means of differentiation at the species level. The reproducibility of the results demonstrated the value of this technique in taxonomic studies.
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Taxonomy of the Azotobacteraceae Determined by Using Immunoelectrophoresis
More LessThe similarities of various strains of Azotobacter spp. and Azomonas spp. to reference strains of Azotobacter paspali, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azomonas agilis, Azomonas insignis, and Azomonas monocytogenes were determined by rocket line immunoelectrophoresis. The strains of Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter vinelandii used were immunologically more homogeneous than the strains of Azotobacter chroococcum studied, possibly due to the more diverse geographical origins of the Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Low values were obtained for the mean immunological distances (1 – proportion of immunoprecipitation bands shared between strains) between Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter vinelandii strains, suggesting that these two species are immunologically closely related. Immunological distances from the Azotobacter chroococcum reference strain were similar for Azotobacter paspali and for other undisputed members of the genus Azotobacter, which makes it reasonable to retain Azotobacter paspali in this genus. When the three Azotobacter antisera were used, all Azotobacter species had mean immunological distances of less than 0.5, whereas the Azomonas species were immunologically more distant, showing that the six species of Azotobacter form an immunologically related group which is distinct from the Azomonas species. Our results with the three Azomonas antisera show that each species of Azomonas is immunologically distant from the other species, as well as from the Azotobacter species. We compare our immunoelectrophoretic results with the molecular biological results of De Smedt et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:106–122, 1980) and the numerical taxonomic analysis of Thompson and Skerman (Azotobacteraceae: the Taxonomy and Ecology of the Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria, Academic Press, Inc., London, 1979).
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Differentiation of Bacillus globisporus, Bacillus marinus comb. nov., Bacillus aminovorans, and Bacillus insolitus
More LessThe type strains of Bacillus globisporus subsp. globisporus and B. globisporus subsp. marinus were shown to have only 20% deoxyribonucleic acid homology. These two organisms could be differentiated by 15 physiological characteristics, including salt requirements, production of β-galactosidase, digestion of urea and esculin, fermentation of carbohydrates, and utilization of carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Therefore, B. globisporus subsp. marinus is elevated to species rank as Bacillus marinus. The type strain of B. globisporus, strain ATCC 23301, and B. globisporus ATCC 23304 (ex “Bacillus psychrophilus” type strain) showed only 50% deoxyribonucleic acid homology, but these strains could not be differentiated phenotypically and are still considered members of the same species, B. globisporus. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology data and phenotypic properties confirmed that Bacillus aminovorans, Bacillus insolitus, B. globisporus, and B. marinus are separate species.
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Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov., a Porcine Pathogen
More LessTen strains of rapidly growing, non-photochromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from submandibular lymph nodes with tuberculosis-like lymphadenitis of 10 swine. These mycobacteria showed a positive reaction for arylsulfatase activity after 3 days and resistance to NH2OH · HCl (0.5 mg/ml) and degraded p-aminosalicylate, forming black formazan. These strains were similar to Mycobacterium fortuitum, but differed from this species by lacking nitrate reduction activity, having positive succinamidase activity, and having the ability to utilize benzoate as a sole source of carbon in the presence of ammoniacal nitrogen. These mycobacteria were considered to belong to a new species, Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov. The type strain was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 33776 (= E10241-1).
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Electrophoretic Analysis of Isoenzymes of Acholeplasma Species
More LessThirteen Acholeplasma strains representing three named species, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma granularum, and Acholeplasma oculi, were examined for the presence of 30 enzymes by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. A total of 29 enzymes were demonstrated. Twelve of these enzymes have not been reported previously in acholeplasmas (alcohol dehydrogenase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase, arginase, arginine deiminase, carbarnyl phosphokinase, galactose dehydrogenase, galactose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide], glutamate dehydrogenase [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate], α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase). An average group cluster analysis was carried out on the basis of estimates of dissimilarity coefficients. This analysis distinguished among the strains tested, was of some help in identification, and may also be useful in epidemiological investigations.
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Phylogeny of Sporeforming Members of the Order Actinomycetales
More LessRepresentatives from various genera of the order Actinomycetales were investigated by comparative cataloging of their 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acids to establish their phylogenetic relationships. Members of Actinoplanes, Ampullariella, Dactylosporangium, and Micromonospora form one cluster that is peripherally related to the cluster defined by members of Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus. Streptomyces griseus and strains of Chainia, Kitasatoa, Streptoverticillium, Microellobosporia, and Elytrosporangium are phylogenetically closely related, whereas Streptosporangium roseum is more distantly related to this cluster. Thermomonospora curvata and Geodermatophilus obscurus represent individual clusters. Promicromonospora citrea is a member of the Arthrobacter-Micrococcus-Cellulomonas line of descent. This grouping of organisms is highly supported not only by data from deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies and deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarity studies but also by several common biochemical characteristics of proven taxonomic value.
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Cellular Fatty Acid Composition Comparisons of Haemophilus equigenitalis and Moraxella Species
More LessThe cellular fatty acid compositions of Haemophilus equigenitalis and some other species were compared. The cellular fatty acid composition of H. equigenitalis was very similar to the cellular fatty acid compositions of Moraxella species. When the double bond positions in monounsaturated fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ditrimethylsilyloxy derivatives, Moraxella species were divided into two groups, the oleic acid group and the cis-vaccenic acid group. The former included eight species (Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella bovis, Moraxella caviae, Moraxella equi, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella osloensis, and Moraxella phenylpyruvica), and the latter included Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella ovis, and Moraxella urethralis. H. equigenitalis was closely related to the cis-vaccenic acid group.
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Taxonomic Significance of Cellular Fatty Acid Composition in Some Coryneform Bacteria
More LessA total of 76 strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Caseobacter, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Curtobacterium were divided into four groups on the basis of their cellular fatty acid compositions. Cells with saturated and monounsaturated straight-chain fatty acids were designated type I. Strains in this group had meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinogalactan in their cell walls. In some strains, 10-methyl fatty acids were found. Type I was divided into six subtypes based on fatty acid composition. Type II cells contained iso-anteiso acids and were found in 43 strains of Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Curtobacterium, and coryneform bacteria with diaminobutyric acid-peptidoglycan. Small differences in fatty acid composition were found among the strains of this type, and the fatty acid compositions of type II strains varied remarkably depending on the media used. Type III strains were characterized by the presence of ω-cyclohexyl fatty acids. In two strains of Curtobacterium pusillum, approximately 60% of the cellular fatty acid was ω-cyclohexyl undecanoic acid. Type IV strains had highly complex patterns of iso, anteiso, normal, saturated, unsaturated, 10-methyl, and 2-hydroxy fatty acids. Five strains of Arthrobacter simplex, Arthrobacter tumescens, and “Brevibacterium lipolyticum” possessed this type of fatty acid composition.
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Cleavage Patterns of the Mycoplasma Chromosome, Obtained by Using Restriction Endonucleases, as Indicators of Genetic Relatedness Among Strains
More LessPurified deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of representative strains of nine established serovars of the human mycoplasma Ureaplasma urealyticum and of five strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns obtained by electrophoresis of the digestion products separated the nine U. urealyticum serovars into two definite clusters, one consisting of serovars 1, 3, and 6 and the other consisting of serovars 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9, in agreement with previous results obtained by electrophoresis of cell proteins and DNA-DNA hybridization. Although the five M. pneumoniae strains differed in virulence and adherence capacity, they exhibited similar DNA cleavage patterns, indicating a high degree of genetic homogeneity. The enzymes KpnI, XhoI, BamHI, and PstI, which possess guanine-plus-cytosine-rich recognition sequences, cleaved the DNA of U. urealyticum (guanine-plus-cytosine content, about 28 mol%) into a small number of fragments, whereas SmaI, with the recognition sequence CCC/GGG, failed to cleave U. urealyticum DNA into visibly distinct fragments. The same restriction enzymes produced multiband cleavage patterns with M. pneumoniae DNA, which has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of about 40 mol%. Restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI, and XbaI, which have recognition sequences rich in adenine plus thy mine, produced multiband patterns with the DNAs of both U. urealyticum and M. pneumoniae. We concluded that the cleavage patterns of mycoplasmal DNAs digested with restriction endonucleases provide a means for determining genetic relatedness among mycoplasmas.
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Synonomy of Peptococcus glycinophilus (Cardon and Barker 1946) Douglas 1957 with Peptostreptococcus micros (Prévot 1933) Smith 1957 and Electrophoretic Differentiation of Peptostreptococcus micros from Peptococcus magnus (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1972
More LessThe soluble cellular proteins of strains of Peptococcus magnus and Peptostreptococcus micros were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein patterns were distinctive and repeatable, and the two species could be separated redily. The protein pattern of strain ATCC 23195, the type strain of Peptococcus glycinophilus (Cardon and Barker 1946) Douglas 1957, was identical to that of strain ATCC 33270 (= VPI 5464), the type strain of Peptostreptococcus micros (Prévot 1933) Smith 1957. Because these two strains were 84% homologous as determined by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology experiments, the name Peptococcus glycinophilus is a later subjective synonym of Peptostreptococcus micros. Preliminary results indicated that “Peptococcus variabilis” (Foubert and Douglas 1948) Douglas 1957 may be a valid species, but reinstatement is not proposed at this time.
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Genomic and Physiological Comparisons Between Heterotrophic Thiobacilli and Acidiphilium cryptum, Thiobacillus versutus sp. nov., and Thiobacillus acidophilus nom. rev.
More LessAcidiphilium cryptum grows in yeast extract media with or without elemental sulfur. The growth rate and the cell yield are not changed by the presence of sulfur, but the pH of the medium drops slightly when sulfur is present, presumably because of gratuitous sulfur oxidation. No growth occurs with sulfur alone. A. cryptum is an obligate chemoorganotroph. Thiobacillus acidophilus grows equally well with either elemental sulfur or glucose as a sole energy source; this organism is a facultative autotroph. Since the name T. acidophilus does not appear on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, it is revived here, and strain ATCC 27807 is designated the type strain. Thiobacillus perometabolis is considered a subspecies of Thiobacillus intermedius on the basis of close phenotypic similarity and deoxyribonucleic acid homology. Thiobacillus sp. strain A2 is a distinctive mixotroph that shows little deoxyribonucleic acid homology with other species of Thiobacillus. This organism is named Thiobacillus versutus, and strain ATCC 25364 is designated the type strain.
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Distinctive Antigenic Specificities of Adenosine Triphosphatases and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenases as Means for Classification of the Order Mycoplasmatales
More LessSince the species classified in order Mycoplasmatales can be separated into at least six antigenically distinct groups by analytical serology, we compared the antigenic specificities of the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenases of 14 strains by using quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and specific strains to identify enzymatically active precipitin peaks. The following species and serological groups were studied: Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Mycoplasma capricolum, and Mycoplasma species bovine group VII (group 1); Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma equifetale (group 2); Mycoplasma gallisepticum (group 4); Mycoplasma pneumoniae (group 5); Mycoplasma felis (group 6); Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma gallinarum (group 7); and Ureaplasma urealyticum (ungrouped). Each strain showed ATPase activity which formed a precipitin peak against the homologous antiserum. Eight serologically distinct ATPases were identified, and most of these ATPases cross-reacted only within serologically related clusters of species, not between clusters; the exception was group 7, where the ATPase of M. gallinarum had a different specificity than the cross-reacting enzymes of M. arginini and M. hominis. All species except U. urealyticum possessed a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, but the enzymes in M. felis, M. hominis, and M. arginini did not precipitate with any antisera. The remaining species showed five distinct specificities of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenases, and the antigenic relationships of these enzymes exactly paralleled those observed with ATPases. Thus, the serological specificities of common mycoplasmic enzymes are powerful taxonomic tools.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Vibrios Isolated from Estuarine Environments
More LessWe used numerical taxonomy procedures to analyze data obtained from 227 strains belonging to either the genus Vibrio or related genera; included were pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrios isolated from a variety of samples and geographic locations. Each strain was tested for 150 unit characters. At a similarity coefficient of 70 to 75% or more, the 227 strains clustered into 33 phena, representing Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio metschnikovii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and new species of Vibrio. Non-O1 and O1 serovars of V. cholerae clustered at the species level of relationship (i.e., at a similarity coefficient of ≥75%). Furthermore, subdivision of V. cholerae into classical, El Tor, proteus, and albensis biovars was not observed. In fact, the biovar proteus was found to warrant separate species status as Vibrio proteus. Only the sucrose-negative members of Heiberg group V were distinguishable as a separate cluster and were recognized as a separate biovar. Sucrose-positive strains and urease-positive strains of V. parahaemolyticus were identified. The differences among the four groups of V. anguillarum examined did not warrant recognition of biovars.
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Survey of Heat-Stable, Major Somatic Antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa †
More LessA survey of all serogrouping schemata for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was conducted in order to identify all of the heat-stable major somatic antigens. In addition to the 12 antigens described in the schema of Habs (Z. Hyg. 144:218–228, 1957), five antigens from other schemata were found to be distinct. A grouping schema comprising 17 groups based on these antigens is proposed as the international serogrouping schema for P. aeruginosa. This schema is proposed as the backbone for future serotyping schemata that may include minor heat-stable antigens and heat-labile antigens. Several modifications of the schema are discussed. Variations of the schema can be adopted by individual laboratories without much confusion if the basic designations of the 17 antigens are retained.
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Second Report of the Cooperative, Open-Ended Study of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy
L. G. WAYNE, R. C. GOOD, M. I. KRICHEVSKY, R. E. BEAM, Z. BLACKLOCK, H. L. DAVID, D. DAWSON, W. GROSS, J. HAWKINS, P. A. JENKINS, I. JUHLIN, W. KÄPPLER, H. H. KLEEBERG, I. KRASNOW, M. J. LEFFORD, E. MANKIEWICZ, C. McDURMONT, E. E. NEL, F. PORTAELS, P. A. RICHARDS, S. RÜSCH, K. H. SCHRÖDER, V. A. SILCOX, I. SZABO, M. TSUKAMURA, L. VANDEN BREEN and B. VERGMANNThe open-ended study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy is an ongoing project designed to characterize slowly growing strains of mycobacteria that do not belong to well-established or thoroughly characterized species. In this second report, we describe Mycobacterium malmoense and some members of the “MAIS intermediate” group, as well as make minor adjustments of the feature frequency data for Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium szulgai.
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Relationships Among Catalase-Positive Campylobacters Determined by Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among 66 strains of catalase-positive Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms delineated seven genetically distinct groups. Our results support the species designations of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter fetus, although our data contraindicate the division of the latter species into C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis. Our deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness values also suggest that the “Campylobacter fecalis“ and nalidixic acid-resistant thermophilic Campylobacter strains, as well as Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from mice, may deserve species status. Campylobacter-like isolates from bovine and ovine abortions possess morphological and metabolic characteristics that are incompatible with the genus description, and these isolates need further study to clarify their taxonomic status.
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Use of Serology and Thin-Layer Chromatography for the Assembly of an Authenticated Collection of Serovars Within the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Complex
More LessThe seroagglutination test devised by Schaefer (Methods Microbiol. 13:323-344,1980) and the thin-layer chromatography procedure of Brennan et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:374–379,1978; 15:447–455,1982) were used to assemble an authenticated collection composed of 30 of the 31 known serovars of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex, and from these serovars a new set of absorbed specific homologous rabbit antisera was prepared. Isolates of a few serovars (serovars 18, 41, and 43) showed the expected seroagglutination reactions but also produced several thin-layer Chro-matographie profiles, a phenomenon which places further emphasis on the need to use both thin-layer chromatography and serological analyses when the epidemio-logical aspects of nontuberculous mycobacteria are examined.
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 74 (2024)
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