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Volume 25,
Issue 1,
1975
Volume 25, Issue 1, 1975
- Book Reviews
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- Matters Relating Of The International Association Of Microbiological Societies
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- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Comparative Immunological Relationships of Two Distinct Sets of Isofunctional Dehydrogenases in the Genus Leuconostoc
More LessD-Lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P-DH), both purified from Leuconostoc lactis strain NCDO 546, were used to prepare specific antisera. Cross-reactions of varying intensity with the anti-D-LDH were obtained with all of the Leuconostoc strains and with certain strains of the heterofermentative lactobacilli studied. Cross-reactions with the anti-G-6-P-DH were obtained with all of the Leuconostoc strains except those of L. oenos; none of the heterofermentative lactobacilli cross-reacted. Pairwise comparisons between cross-reacting extracts with respect to each antiserum permitted the assignment of strains to groups of identical immunological specificity: with the exception of a single strain, the groups of strains revealed by the use of each antiserum coincided.
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Lactose Utilization by Pseudomonas maltophilia
More LessThe type species (ATCC 13637) and one other strain (ATCC 17444) of Pseudomonas maltophilia have been examined for their ability to use the disaccharide lactose for growth. These organisms lack the usual high levels of β-galactosidase found in most lactose-positive bacteria, although both strains were found to have high levels of the enzyme lactose dehydrogenase. If this latter enzyme is responsible for all lactose splitting, P. maltophilia is unlike other pseudomonads, which have lactose dehydrogenase but which apparently cannot use lactose as a source of carbon and energy for growth.
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Numerical Taxonomy Study of the Enterobacteriaceae
More LessThree hundred and eighty-four strains of bacteria representing the genera of the Enterobacteriaceae were examined over a wide range of biochemical, physiological, and morphological characters. The data were subjected to numerical analysis, and the resulting 33 clusters were equated as far as possible with established taxa within the Enterobacteriaceae. The clusters formed three groups. Group A corresponded to the tribe Klebsielleae and consisted of the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia. The data suggest that Enterobacter and Klebsiella, could be combined into a single genus, whereas Hafnia alvei should be retained in a genus separate from Enterobacter. Group B comprised the tribes Edwardsielleae, Salmonelleae, and Escherichieae. Strains of Edwardsiella species fell into two clusters, suggestive of possible biotype differences or perhaps two separate species. Many of Kauffmann’s biochemical subgroup 1 salmonellae could be combined into a single species, which on grounds of priority should be designated Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) Castellani and Chalmers. However, there are other subgroup 1 serotypes which clearly do not belong in this species. Further study is suggested. Three species of Shigella, i.e., S. boydii. S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae, were not separated by the analyses performed in this study. Either the three species cannot be identified on the basis of the biochemical characters employed or their identification requires considerable modification. Also included in group B were members of the genus Yersinia. Group C, representing the tribe Proteae, requires considerable revision, if a classification reflecting both molecular genetic and phenetic taxonomic relationships is to be attained.
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Numerical Taxonomy Study of Vibrio and Spirillum spp.
More LessOne hundred and seven strains of Vibrio and Spirillum were examined for 175 morphological, physiological, biochemical, and nutritional characteristics. The results were analyzed by the method of numerical taxonomy. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the Spirillum strains was also determined. Marked phenetic differences were found between Vibrio and Spirillum, with species of the genus Vibrio demonstrating more versatile biochemical capabilities. The numerical taxonomy and molecular genetic data are in agreement with the recently suggested assignment of selected Spirillum strains to the genera Oceano-spirillum and Aquaspirillum.
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Peptococcus niger (Hall) Kluyver and van Niel 1936: Emendation of Description and Designation of Neotype Strain
More LessATCC strain no. 27731 (VPI 7953) is described and designated as the neotype strain of Peptococcus niger (Hall) Kluyver and van Niel 1936. This strain conforms in all respects to the original description of the single isolate of Micrococcus niger Hall 1936. Additional strains from eight people are also described.
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Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus
More LessStaphylococci were isolated from human skin and subjected to a taxonomic study. As a result of this study, three new species are being proposed in this paper: Staphylococcus cohnii, S. haemolyticus, and S. xylosus. The type strains of these species are DSM (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen) 20260, DSM 20263, and DSM 20266, respectively. Amended descriptions of S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are also given. The main characters for the distinction of staphylococci and micrococci are mentioned. Staphylococci were classified on the basis of cell wall composition, lactic acid configuration, and a variety of morphological and physiological characters. There are some key differential characters of these species which can be determined by simple laboratory procedures. The failure to ferment trehalose and mannitol is typical for S. epidermidis. The fermentation of xylose and/or arabinose is a characteristic of S. xylosus. The failure to ferment sucrose and turanose is typical for S. cohnii. Strains of S. saprophyticus do not reduce nitrate, but most of them produce acetylmethylcarbinol and ferment xylitol. S. haemolyticus is usually hemolysis positive, like S. aureus, but it does not produce coagulase, does not have strong phosphatase and deoxy-ribonuclease activities, and does not ferment mannose.
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Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin II. Descriptions of Four New Species: Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus simulans 1
More LessStaphylococci were isolated from the skins of people living in North Carolina and New Jersey and were studied in an attempt to resolve their natural relationships. As a result of this study, four new species are proposed in this paper: Staphylococcus warneri, S. capitis, S. hominis, and S. simulans. The type strains of these species are ATCC 27836, ATCC 27840, ATCC 27844, and ATCC 27848, respectively. The new species were established on the basis of a variety of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and antibiotic characters. Cell wall composition was particularly useful in resolving species and correlated well with other characters. Characteristic pigment production was useful in distinguishing several of the different species. A summary of the character variation found in the species and a scheme for the classification of human cutaneous staphylococci are included in this paper. The predominant staphylococci found on human skin were S. epidermidis and S. hominis.
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Amino Acid and Vitamin Requirements of Micrococcus Species Isolated from Human Skin
More LessAmino acid and vitamin requirements were determined for 215 natural auxotrophic strains of micrococci isolated from human skin. Requirement parameters were distinctly different for each of the seven Micrococcus species studied.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Proposal for Minimal Standards for Descriptions of New Species and Biotypes of the Genus Brucella 1
More LessFollowing the introduction of new statutes agreed at the Xth International Congress for Microbiology held in Mexico City in 1972, the International Committee for Systematic Bacteriology has requested subcommittees on taxonomy to propose minimal standards for the descriptions of new taxa. Consequently a proposal for minimal standards for the descriptions of new species and biotypes of the genus Brucella Meyer and Shaw (22) has been prepared. As procedures recommended by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy of the Genus Brucella (34) for subdivision within the genus have been employed successfully for a number of years, present emphasis has been placed on the minimal standards for recognition of an organism as a member of the genus. This aspect is particularly important as it is now recognized that a number of genetically unrelated gram-negative organisms bear a superficial resemblance to members of the genus Brucella. To avoid confusion and misidentification it is essential that a comprehensive system for identification at the generic level should be adopted. Recommendations for this are contained in the present proposal along with suggestions for minimal requirements for subdivision within the genus. Comments will be welcomed so that eventually this paper can be used as a basis for preparing a document covering full details of techniques and procedures.
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- Errata
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