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Volume 22,
Issue 2,
1972
Volume 22, Issue 2, 1972
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Characterization of “Pyomelanin”-Producing Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
More LessForty strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula isolated from clinical specimens and producing a water-soluble brown pigment on peptone media were compared with the neotype and nine other non-brown strains of P. aeruginosa. The brown pigment is formed from either tyrosine or phenylalanine through the accumulation of homogentisic acid and has no identity with DOPA melanin. A new term, “pyomelanin,” is proposed for this brown pigment synthesized by certain strains of P. aeruginosa. Although the pyomelanin strains share the attributes of the species, some of them have a more limited capacity with regard to certain biochemical reactions than the neotype strain of P. aeruginosa. A careful examination is required to identify these aberrant strains. Actively growing cells of pyomelanin strains converted tyrosine to pyomelanin, but tyrosine itself does not appear to serve as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth. A simple method of differentiating pyomelanin-producing strains of P. aeruginosa from pyorubin-producing strains is presented. To recognize properly the species, the attributes of pyomelanin strains should be included in descriptions of P. aeruginosa.
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Taxonomic Consideration of Microbacterium lacticum, Microbacterium flavum, and Microbacterium thermosphactum
More LessClassification of the microbacteria in a separate genus, Microbacterium Orla-Jensen, has been rejected by some authors. In this study three strains of Microbacterium lacticum Orla-Jensen, the type species of the genus, one strain of Microbacterium flavum Orla-Jensen, and two strains of Microbacterium thermosphactum McLean and Sulzbacher were examined with the hope that the somewhat precarious taxonomic position of these species might be clarified. Included in this examination were: The determination of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition by the thermal denaturation technique, the development of protein and esterase profiles by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and selected enzyme assays associated with the Embden-Meyerhof, hexosemono-phosphate, and tricarboxylic acid pathways. The DNA base ratio studies showed M. thermosphactum to have a per cent guanine plus cytosine content of 36 compared with 58 for M. flavum and 64 for M. lacticum. The enzyme assays also indicated heterogeneity. All possessed enzymes associated with the Embden-Meyerhof and the hexosemonophosphate pathways, but M. thermosphactum alone failed to yield enzymatic evidence for an operational tricarboxylic acid cycle. Also, only M. flavum showed evidence of a glyoxylate shunt. Protein profiles and esterase patterns were also sufficiently different to suggest a separation of M. thermosphactum from M. lacticum and M. flavum. These studies furnish additional evidence that M. flavum be placed in the genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896. M. thermosphactum is an unusual organism which does not appear to be assignable to any of the presently recognized families of bacteria. The placement of M. lacticum in the genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896 would render Microbacterium Orla-Jensen 1919 a later, subjective synonym of Corynebacterium. M. lacticum does possess characteristics not unlike those of the plant pathogenic corynebacteria.
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Transfer of the Facultatively Anaerobic Organism Bacteroides corrodens Eiken to a New Genus, Eikenella
More LessIt is proposed that the facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative organism described by Eiken (1958) and named by him Bacteroides corrodens be transferred to a new genus, which the authors name Eikenella. Organisms of this kind form a fairly homogeneous group and differ in important respects from the generally accepted Bacteroides species and from the members of the currently recognized genera of the family Brucellaceae, wherein the genus Eikenella is placed. An up-dated description of the type species, E. corrodens (Eiken) comb, n. (basionym: B. corrodens Eiken 1958), is given. The type strain of this species, previously designated by Henriksen, is Henriksen’s strain 333/54-55 (ATCC 23834; NCTC 10596), one of the strains originally studied by Eiken.
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Ruminococcus bromii sp. n. and Emendation of the Description of Ruminococcus Sijpestein
More LessRuminococcus bromii sp. n. is described. It grows anaerobically, produces ethanol and acetic and formic acids from fermentable carbohydrates, and has complex nutritional requirements, indicating that it is a member of the genus Ruminococcus, which is here emended.
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Numerical Classification of “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous and Runyon’s Group IV Mycobacteria
More LessA numerical classification study was carried out on 129 strains representing “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous, Runyon’s Group IV mycobacteria, and other related taxa. Cultures of these strains were examined for 170 characters, and the resultant data have been analyzed by computer. Similarity coefficients were calculated in two ways: By the first, negative and positive matches were scored, and in the second, positive similarities only; in each case, clustering was with the average linkage cluster analysis technique. The two coefficients of association yielded the same four clusters, and, with a single exception, substantially the same subgroups. The three homogeneous clusters corresponded to: (i) “M.” rhodochrous, (ii) Nocardia pellegrino, and (iii) Mycobacterium Group IV. Twenty-three named mycobacteria were recovered in seven subgroups, six of which were equated with the established taxa M. borstelense, M. chitae. M. gallinarum M. fortuitum, M. smegmatis, and M. vaccae. Characters were abstracted from the data and used for the identification of clusters and subgroups.
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Designation of Strain H37Rv as the Neotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
More LessStrain H37Rv of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf) Lehmann and Neumann is typical of the species in growth characteristics, drug susceptibility, and biochemical activity. H37Rv is compared with the hypothetical median strain of M. tuberculosis and agrees with it in 70 of 71 characters. In comparison with other strains of tubercle bacilli, H37Rv has moderate virulence for guinea pigs and mice. This strain agrees well with Koch’s original description of the tubercle bacillus; the few differences that do exist are discussed. The well documented history of H37Rv, coupled with its world-wide distribution and long use by mycobacteriologists, makes it most appropriate as the neotype of the species M. tuberculosis. The strain may be obtained from the Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, N.Y. 12983, as TMC 102 or from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. 20852, as 27294.
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Two Identical Genera of Budding and Stalked Bacteria: Planctomyces Gimesi 1924 and Blastocaulis Henrici and Johnson 1935
More LessPlanctomyces bekefii Gimesi 1924 was originally described as a planktonic, freshwater fungus. Its spherical bodies on thin stalks were interpreted as sporangia. Colonies of this organism were compared to pine needles whose pointed ends were attached to a common base. Blastocaulis spaerica Henrici and Johnson 1935 is a planktonic, freshwater bacterium of a morphology and size identical to that of the former organism; both organisms occur in the same habitat and at the same time. Because of their rather unique morphology, the organisms are easily recognized. Depositions of ferric hydroxide occasionally thicken the stalks of the two forms. Recent observations on living material have confirmed the original descriptions. As a result of a comparison of the characteristics of the organisms, both are here considered to be identical. Although Planctomyces bekefii has been described as a fungus and its description lacks physiological details, priority must be given to this name, of which B. sphaerica must be considered a later subjective synonym. Because these organisms are the type species of their respective genera, the generic names are also regarded as subjective synonyms, and Planctomyces Gimesi 1924 has priority over Blastocaulis Henrici and Johnson 1935. An amended description of Planctomyces is presented. Besides P. bekefii Gimesi 1924, the following species are currently recognized as belonging to Planctomyces and are described herein: P. gracilis Horrotbágyi 1965, P. condensatus Skuja 1964, and P. kljasmensis comb. nov (basionym: Gallionella kljasmensis Razumov 1949). A key to these species is given. The taxonomic placement of other named organisms which either are or have been associated with the genus Planctomyces is discussed.
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Re-evaluation of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888, a Bacterium Pathogenic for Daphnia Species
More LessRecent examination of Daphnia spp. collected from Lake Erie and several locations in southern Michigan, U.S.A., revealed the presence of structures that resembled those described by Metchnikoff in 1888 as stages of the life cycle of Pasteuria ramosa. Flat, elongated forms from the body cavity near the joints of extremities resembled, especially when aggregated in the form of rosettes, bundles of flat crystals rather than stages of a microorganism. Spherical or pear-shaped bodies with buds were found aggregated on the surface or inside of antennae and other extremities. Similarity of these bodies with certain budding bacteria is suggested, and it is proposed to retain the original name P. ramosa Metchnikoff but to restrict it to these budding forms only. The longitudinal fission attributed to this bacterium is dubious and may have resulted from misunderstanding crystal-like structures for microorganisms.
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Nomenclature of Bacteria in Leaf Nodules of the Families Myrsinaceae and Rubiaceae
More LessSpecies of eight bacterial genera have been proposed in the literature as leaf-nodule symbionts: Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Bacterium, Rhizobium, Chromobacterium, Phyllobacterium, Klebsiella, and Xanthomonas. The first four are discounted either by rules of nomenclature (i.e., Bacterium) or because modern generic limits exclude the nodule species originally placed in them. Species of the latter four genera have been isolated recently by several investigators. Even though some of these investigators favor the hypothesis of one bacterial symbiont in all leaf-nodulated plants, all four genera must still be considered as containing legitimate symbionts. Phyllobacterium foliicola (Miehe) comb. nov. is proposed as the legitimate name of the type species of Phyllobacterium Knösel to replace the illegitimate name P. myrsinacearum Knösel.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Nomenclature Of Bacteria
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- Notes
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 75 (2025)
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