Desulfovibrio frigidus sp. nov. and Desulfovibrio ferrireducens sp. nov., psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard) with the ability to reduce Fe(III)
Strains 18T, 61T and 77 were isolated from two permanently cold fjord sediments on the west coast of Svalbard. The three psychrotolerant strains, with temperature optima at 20–23 °C, were able to grow at the freezing point of sea water, −2 °C. The strains oxidized important fermentation products such as hydrogen, formate and lactate with sulfate as the electron acceptor. Sulfate could be replaced by sulfite, thiosulfate or elemental sulfur. Poorly crystalline and soluble Fe(III) compounds were reduced in sulfate-free medium, but no growth occurred under these conditions. In the absence of electron acceptors, fermentative growth was possible. The pH optimum for the strains was around 7·1. The DNA G+C contents were 43·3 and 42·0 mol% for strains 18T and 61T, respectively. Strains 18T, 61T and 77 were most closely related to Desulfovibrio hydrothermalis (95·0–95·7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strains 18T and 77, exhibiting 99·9 % sequence similarity, represent a novel species for which the name Desulfovibrio frigidus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 18T (=DSM 17176T=JCM 12924T). Strain 61T was closely related to strains 18T and 77 (97·6 and 97·5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization strain 61T represents a novel species for which the name Desulfovibrio ferrireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 61T (=DSM 16995T=JCM 12925T).
Buchholz-ClevenB. E. E.,
RattundeB.,
StraubK. L.1997; Screening for genetic diversity of isolates of anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria using DGGE and whole-cell hybridization. Syst Appl Microbiol 20:301–309[CrossRef]
CanfieldD. E.,
JørgensenB. B.,
FossingH.7 other authors1993; Pathways of organic carbon oxidation in three continental margin sediments. Mar Geol 113:27–40[CrossRef]
ColemanM. L.,
HedrickD. B.,
LovleyD. R.,
WhiteD. C.,
PyeK.1993; Reduction of Fe(III) in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Nature 361:436–438[CrossRef]
HolmesD. E.,
BondD. R.,
LovleyD. R.2004; Electron transfer by Desulfobulbus propionicus to Fe(III) and graphite electrodes. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1234–1237[CrossRef]
KostkaJ. E.,
ThamdrupB.,
GludR. N.,
CanfieldD. E.1999; Rates and pathways of carbon oxidation in permanently cold Arctic sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 180:7–21[CrossRef]
LiY.-L.,
ValiH.,
SearsS. K.,
YangJ.,
DengB.,
ZhangC. L.2004; Iron reduction and alteration of nontronite NAu-2 by a sulfate-reducing bacterium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:3251–3260[CrossRef]
LovleyD. R.,
RodenE. E.,
PhillipsE. J. P.,
WoodwardJ. C.1993; Enzymatic iron and uranium reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Mar Geol 113:41–53[CrossRef]
NielsenJ. L.,
LiesackW.,
FinsterK.1999; Desulfovibrio zosterae sp. nov., a new sulfate reducer isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the seagrass Zostera marina
. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:859–865[CrossRef]
PedersenK.,
ArlingerJ.,
EkendahlS.,
HallbeckL.1996; 16S rRNA gene diversity of attached and unattached bacteria in boreholes along the access tunnel to the Äspö hard rock laboratory, Sweden. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 19:249–262
PostgateJ. R.1984; Genus Desulfovibrio Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 397AL
. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriologyvol. 1 pp 666–672 Edited by
KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
RysgaardS.,
ThamdrupB.,
Risgaard-PetersenN.,
FossingH.,
BergP.,
ChristensenP. B.,
DalsgaardT.1998; Seasonal carbon and nutrient mineralization in a high-Arctic coastal marine sediment. Young Sound, Northeast Greenland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 175:261–276[CrossRef]
SagemannJ.,
JørgensenB. B.,
GreefO.1998; Temperature dependence and rates of sulfate reduction in cold sediments of Svalbard, Arctic Ocean. Geomicrobiol J 15:85–100[CrossRef]
TeboB. M.,
ObraztsovaA. Y.1998; Sulfate-reducing bacterium grows with Cr(VI), U(VI), Mn(IV), and Fe(III) as electron acceptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett162193–198[CrossRef]
WiddelF.,
BakF.1992; Gram-negative mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. In The Prokaryotes pp 3352–3378 Edited by
BalowsA.,
TrüperH. G.,
DworkinM.,
HarderW.,
SchleiferK. H.
New York: Springer;
ZellnerG.,
MessnerP.,
KneifelH.,
WinterJ.1989; Desulfovibrio simplex spec. nov., a new sulfate-reducing bacterium from a sour whey digester. Arch Microbiol 152:329–334[CrossRef]
Desulfovibrio frigidus sp. nov. and Desulfovibrio ferrireducens sp. nov., psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard) with the ability to reduce Fe(III)