Morphology and phylogeny of three karyorelictean ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora), including two novel species, Trachelocerca chinensis sp. n. and Tracheloraphis dragescoi sp. n.
This paper investigates the morphology and infraciliature of three karyorelictean ciliates, Trachelocerca chinensis sp. n., Tracheloraphis dragescoi sp. n. and a rarely known form, Geleia acuta (Dragesco, 1960) Foissner, 1998, which were isolated from the intertidal zone of sandy beaches at Zhanjiang and Qingdao, China. Trachelocerca chinensis sp. n. is distinguished from related forms by having 26–30 somatic kineties, a narrow glabrous stripe and a single nuclear group composed of approximately four to six macronuclei and two micronuclei. Tracheloraphis dragescoi sp. n. can be recognized through its 14–22 somatic kineties, wide glabrous stripe and a single nuclear group composed of about four macronuclei. Phylogenetic analyses based on small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences indicated that the genera Trachelocerca and Tracheloraphis are closely related but that neither of them appears to be a clearly monophyletic group. Nonetheless, the monophyly of Trachelocerca is not rejected by the approximately unbiased (AU) test (P = 0.143, >0.05), although that of Tracheloraphis is rejected (P = 0.011, <0.05). Geleia acuta, meanwhile, branched with Geleia fossata and falls in the Geleia clade.
Published Online:
Funding
This study was supported by the:
Natural Science Foundation of China
(Award 31071898 and 41276139)
International Research Group Program, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University
(Award IRG14-22)
Al-RasheidK. A. S.(1996). Records of free-living ciliates in Saudi Arabia. I. Marine interstitial ciliates of the Arabian gulf islands of Al-Bātinah and Abū Ali. . Arab Gulf J Sci Res14, 747–765.
Al-RasheidK. A. S.(1997). Records of free-living ciliates in Saudi Arabia. III. Marine interstitial ciliates of the Arabian gulf island of Tarut. . Arab Gulf J Sci Res15, 733–766.
Al-RasheidK. A. S.(1998). Records of marine interstitial karyorelictid ciliates from Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary in the gulf-shore of Saudi Arabia. . Arab Gulf J Sci Res16, 595–610.
Al-RasheidK. A. S.(2001). New records of interstitial ciliates (Protozoa Ciliophora) from the Saudi coasts of the Red Sea. . Trop Zool14, 133–156. [View Article]
AlekperovI.,
BuskeyE.,
SnegovayaN.(2007). The free-living ciliates of the Mexican Gulf coast near Port Aransas city and its suburbs (South Texas, USA). . Protistology5, 101–130.
FanX.,
LinX.,
LiuW.,
XuY.,
Al-FarrajS. A.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
WarrenA.(2013). Morphology and phylogeny of three new marine Frontonia species (Ciliophora; Peniculia) with note on the phylogeny of this genus. . Eur J Protistol49, 312–323. [View Article][PubMed]
FanX.,
PanH.,
LiL.,
JiangJ.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
GuF.(2014). Phylogeny of the poorly known ciliates, microthoracida, a systematically confused taxon (ciliophora), with morphological reports of three species. . J Eukaryot Microbiol61, 227–237. [View Article][PubMed]
FoissnerW.(1997a). Updating the trachelocercids (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). IV. Transfer of Trachelocerca entzi Kahl, 1927 to the Gymnostomatea as a new genus, Trachelotractus gen. n. (Helicoprorodontidae). . Acta Protozool36, 63–74.
FoissnerW.(1997b). Updating the trachelocercids (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). V. Redescription of Kovalevaia sulcata (Kovaleva, 1966) gen. n., comb. n. and Trachelocerca incaudata Kahl, 1933. . Acta Protozool36, 197–219.
FoissnerW.(1998). The karyorelictids (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a unique and enigmatic assemblage of marine, interstitial ciliates: a review emphasizing ciliary patterns and evolution. . In Evolutionary Relationships among Protozoa, pp. 305–325. Edited by
CoombsG. H.,
VickermanK.,
SleighM. A.,
WarrenA.
. London:: Chapman & Hall;.
FoissnerW.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.(1999b). Ontogenesis in a trachelocercid ciliate (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), Sultanophrys arabica, with an account of evolution at the base of the ciliate tree. . Acta Protozool38, 273–290.
FoissnerW.,
DragescoJ.(1996a). Updating the trachelocercids (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). III. Redefinition of the genera Trachelocerca Ehrenberg and Tracheloraphis Dragesco, and evolution in trachelocercid ciliates. . Arch Protistenkd147, 43–91. [View Article]
FoissnerW.,
DragescoJ.(1996b). Updating the trachelocercids (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). I. A detailed description of the infraciliature of Trachelolophos gigas n. g., n. sp. and T. filum (Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986) n. comb.. J Eukaryot Microbiol43, 12–25. [View Article]
KahlA.(1933). In Ciliata Libera et Ectocommensalia (Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, Teil II, C3), pp. 29–146. Leipzig:: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Becker & Erler;.
MillerM. A.,
PfeifferW.,
SchwartzT.(2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. . In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 November 2010, New Orleans, LA, USA:, pp. 1–8. [CrossRef]
PennO.,
PrivmanE.,
AshkenazyH.,
LandanG.,
GraurD.,
PupkoT.(2010a).guidance: a web server for assessing alignment confidence scores. . Nucleic Acids Res38 (Web Server issue), W23–W28. [View Article][PubMed]
RaikovI. B.(1962). Les cilié mésopsammiques du littoral de la Mer Blanche (U.R.S.S.) avec une description de quelques espèces nouvelles ou peu connues. . Cah Biol Mar3, 325–361 (in French).
ShimodairaH.,
HasegawaM.(2001).consel: for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection. . Bioinformatics17, 1246–1247. [View Article][PubMed]
XuY.,
WarrenA.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
Al-FarrajS. A.,
SongW.(2011b). Morphological and molecular information of a new species of Geleia (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with redescriptions of two Kentrophoros species from China. . Eur J Protistol47, 172–185. [View Article][PubMed]
XuY.,
EsaulovA.,
LinX.,
MazeiY.,
HuX.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
WarrenA.(2011c). Morphological studies on five trachelocercids from the Yellow Sea coast of China, with a description of Tracheloraphis huangi spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). . Acta Protozool50, 205–218.
XuY.,
LiJ.,
SongW.,
WarrenA.(2013a). Phylogeny and establishment of a new ciliate family, Wilbertomorphidae fam. nov. (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), a highly specialized taxon represented by Wilbertomorpha colpoda gen. nov., spec. nov.. J Eukaryot Microbiol60, 480–489. [View Article][PubMed]
XuY.,
GaoS.,
HuX.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
SongW.(2013c). Phylogeny and systematic revision of the karyorelictid genus Remanella (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea) with descriptions of two new species. . Eur J Protistol49, 438–452. [View Article][PubMed]
YanY.,
XuY.,
YiZ.,
WarrenA.(2013). Redescriptions of three trachelocercid ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with notes on their phylogeny based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol63, 3506–3514. [View Article][PubMed]
YanY.,
GaoF.,
XuY.,
Al-RasheidK. A. S.,
SongW.(2014). Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercid ciliates, with description of a new species, Trachelocerca orientalis spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea). . J Eukaryot Microbiol. DOI:10.1111/jeu.12154 [View Article][PubMed]
Morphology and phylogeny of three karyorelictean ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora), including two novel species, Trachelocerca chinensis sp. n. and Tracheloraphis dragescoi sp. n.