DNA–DNA hybridization study of strains of Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia and Empedobacter and of other usually indole-producing non-fermenters of CDC groups IIc, IIe, IIh and IIi, mostly from human clinical sources, and proposals of Chryseobacterium bernardetii sp. nov., Chryseobacterium carnis sp. nov., Chryseobacterium lactis sp. nov., Chryseobacterium nakagawai sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium taklimakanense comb. nov.
The taxonomic classification of 182 phenotypically similar isolates was evaluated using DNA–DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These bacterial isolates were mainly derived from clinical sources; all were Gram-negative non-fermenters and most were indole-producing. Phenotypically, they resembled species from the genera Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia or Empedobacter or belonged to CDC groups IIc, IIe, IIh and IIi. Based on these analyses, four novel species are described: Chryseobacterium bernardetii sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13530T = CCUG 60564T = CDC G229T), Chryseobacterium carnis sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13525T = CCUG 60559T = CDC G81T), Chryseobacterium lactis sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 11390T = CCUG 60566T = CDC KC1864T) and Chryseobacterium nakagawai sp. nov. (type strain NCTC 13529T = CCUG 60563T = CDC G41T). The new combination Chryseobacterium taklimakanense comb. nov. (type strain NCTC 13490T = X-65T = CCTCC AB 208154T = NRRL B-51322T) is also proposed to accommodate the reclassified Planobacterium taklimakanense.
BrennerD. J.,
McWhorterA. C.,
KnutsonJ. K.,
SteigerwaltA. G.(1982).Escherichia vulneris: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. . J Clin Microbiol15, 1133–1140.[PubMed]
HallT. A.(1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. . Nucl Acids Symp Ser41, 95–98.
HolmesB.,
OwenR. J.
( 1981;). Emendation of the genus Flavobacterium and the status of the genus. Developments after the 8th edition of Bergey’s Manual. . In The Flavobacterium-Cytophaga Group (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Yellow-Pigmented Gram-Negative Bacteria of the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga Group, Braunschweig, 8–11 July 1980), pp. 17–26. Edited by
ReichenbachH.,
WeeksO. B.
. Weinheim:: Verlag Chemie;.
HolmesB.,
OwenR. J.,
SteigerwaltA. G.,
BrennerD. J.(1984).Flavobacterium gleum, a new species found in human clinical specimens. . Int J Syst Bacteriol34, 21–25. [View Article]
KämpferP.,
LoddersN.,
VaneechoutteM.,
WautersG.(2009a). Transfer of Sejongia antarctica, Sejongia jeonii and Sejongia marina to the genus Chryseobacterium as Chryseobacterium antarcticum comb. nov., Chryseobacterium jeonii comb. nov. and Chryseobacterium marinum comb. nov.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 2238–2240. [View Article][PubMed]
KämpferP.,
VaneechoutteM.,
LoddersN.,
De BaereT.,
AvesaniV.,
JanssensM.,
BusseH.-J.,
WautersG.(2009b). Description of Chryseobacterium anthropi sp. nov. to accommodate clinical isolates biochemically similar to Kaistella koreensis and Chryseobacterium haifense, proposal to reclassify Kaistella koreensis as Chryseobacterium koreense comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Chryseobacterium
. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 2421–2428. [View Article][PubMed]
LarkinM. A.,
BlackshieldsG.,
BrownN. P.,
ChennaR.,
McGettiganP. A.,
McWilliamH.,
ValentinF.,
WallaceI. M.,
WilmA.& other authors (2007).clustalw and clustal_x version 2.0. . Bioinformatics23, 2947–2948. [View Article][PubMed]
OwenR. J.,
HolmesB.(1980). Differentiation between strains of Flavobacterium breve and allied bacteria by comparisons of deoxyribonucleic acids. . Curr Microbiol4, 7–11. [View Article]
OwenR. J.,
HolmesB.(1981). Identification and classification of Flavobacterium species from clinical sources. . In The Flavobacterium-Cytophaga Group (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Yellow-Pigmented Gram-Negative Bacteria of the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga Group, Braunschweig, 8–11 July 1980), pp. 39–50. Edited by
ReichenbachH.,
WeeksO. B.
. Weinheim:: Verlag Chemie;.
OwenR. J.,
SnellJ. J. S.(1976). Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of flavobacteria. . J Gen Microbiol93, 89–102. [View Article][PubMed]
PengF.,
LiuM.,
ZhangL.,
DaiJ.,
LuoX.,
AnH.,
FangC.(2009).Planobacterium taklimakanense gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae that exhibits swimming motility, isolated from desert soil. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 1672–1678. [View Article][PubMed]
RichardC.,
MonteilH.,
LaurentB.(1979). Individualisation de six nouveau types antigéniques de Flavobacterium meningosepticum
. . Ann Microbiol130B, 141–144 (in French).
SchmidtV. S. J.,
WenningM.,
SchererS.(2012).Sphingobacterium lactis sp. nov. and Sphingobacterium alimentarium sp. nov., isolated from raw milk and a dairy environment. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol62, 1506–1511. [View Article][PubMed]
StackebrandtE.,
CharfreitagO.(1990). Partial 16S rRNA primary structure of five Actinomyces species: phylogenetic implications and development of an Actinomyces israelii-specific oligonucleotide probe. . J Gen Microbiol136, 37–43. [View Article][PubMed]
UrsingJ.,
BruunB.(1991). Genotypic heterogeneity of Flavobacterium group IIb and Flavobacterium breve demonstrated by DNA-DNA hybridization. . APMIS99, 780–786. [View Article][PubMed]
VandammeP.,
BernardetJ. F.,
SegersP.,
KerstersK.,
HolmesB.(1994). New perspectives in the classification of the flavobacteria: description of Chryseobacterium gen. nov., Bergeyella gen. nov., and Empedobacter nom. rev.. Int J Syst Bacteriol44, 827–831. [View Article]
DNA–DNA hybridization study of strains of Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia and Empedobacter and of other usually indole-producing non-fermenters of CDC groups IIc, IIe, IIh and IIi, mostly from human clinical sources, and proposals of Chryseobacterium bernardetii sp. nov., Chryseobacterium carnis sp. nov., Chryseobacterium lactis sp. nov., Chryseobacterium nakagawai sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium taklimakanense comb. nov.