Three halophilic archaeal strains, MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were isolated from commercial salt samples produced from seawater in Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan, respectively. Cells of the three strains were pleomorphic and stained Gram-negative. Strain MH1-34-1T was orange–red pigmented, while MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were pink-pigmented. Strain MH1-34-1T was able to grow at 12–30 % (w/v) NaCl (with optimum at 18 % NaCl, w/v) at pH 4.5–7.2 (optimum, pH 5.2–5.5) and at 15–45 °C (optimum, 42 °C). Strains MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 grew in slightly different ranges. These strains required at least 1 mM Mg2+ for growth. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were almost identical (99.8–99.9 % similarities), and the closest relative was Halarchaeum acidiphilum MH-1-52-1T with 98.4 % similarities. The DNA G+C contents of MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were 59.3, 60.8 and 61.0 mol%, respectively. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness amongst the three strains was 90–91 %, while that between each of the three strains and Halarchaeum acidiphilum MH1-52-1T was 51–55 %. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolates should represent a novel species of the genus Halarchaeum, for which the name Halarchaeum salinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MH1-34-1T ( = JCM 16330T = CECT 7574T).
Published Online:
Funding
This study was supported by the:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
(Award S1101017)
ClineS. W.,
SchalkwykL. C.,
DoolittleW. F.(1989). Transformation of the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii with genomic DNA. . J Bacteriol171, 4987–4991.[PubMed]
EzakiT.,
HashimotoY.,
YabuuchiE.(1989). Fluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid–deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization in microdilution wells as an alternative to membrane filter hybridization in which radioisotopes are used to determine genetic relatedness among bacterial strains. . Int J Syst Bacteriol39, 224–229. [View Article]
GutiérrezM. C.,
CastilloA. M.,
KamekuraM.,
VentosaA.(2008).Haloterrigena salina sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a salt lake. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 2880–2884. [View Article][PubMed]
KamekuraM.(1993). Lipids of extreme halophiles. . In The Biology of Halophilic Bacteria, pp. 135–161. Edited by
VreelandR. H.,
HochsteinL. I.
. Boca Raton, FL:: CRC Press;.
LarkinM. A.,
BlackshieldsG.,
BrownN. P.,
ChennaR.,
McGettiganP. A.,
McWilliamH.,
ValentinF.,
WallaceI. M.,
WilmA.& other authors (2007).clustalw and clustal_x version 2.0. . Bioinformatics23, 2947–2948. [View Article][PubMed]
MinegishiH.,
KamekuraM.,
Kitajima-IharaT.,
NakasoneK.,
EchigoA.,
ShimaneY.,
UsamiR.,
ItohT.,
IharaK.(2012). Gene orders in the upstream of 16S rRNA genes divide genera of the family Halobacteriaceae into two groups. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol62, 188–195. [View Article][PubMed]
OrenA.,
VentosaA.,
GrantW. D.(1997). Proposed minimal standards for description of new taxa in the order Halobacteriales
. . Int J Syst Bacteriol47, 233–238. [View Article]
SmibertR. M.,
KriegN. R.(1994). Phenotypic characterization. . In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 607–654. Edited by
GerhardtP.,
MurrayR. G. E.,
WoodW. A.,
KriegN. R.
. Washington, DC:: American Society for Microbiology;.
StamatakisA.,
LudwigT.,
MeierH.(2005). RAxML-III: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. . Bioinformatics21, 456–463. [View Article][PubMed]
TamaokaJ.,
KomagataK.(1984). Determination of DNA base composition by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. . FEMS Microbiol Lett25, 125–128. [View Article]
WayneL. G.,
BrennerD. J.,
ColwellR. R.,
GrimontP. A. D.,
KandlerO.,
KrichevskyM. I.,
MooreL. H.,
MooreW. E. C.,
MurrayR. G. E.& other authors (1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. . Int J Syst Bacteriol37, 463–464. [View Article]