A novel actinomycete, designated strain R-Ac121T, was isolated from a small stone collected from an agricultural field in Jeju, Republic of Korea. The organism formed abundant vegetative mycelium that was branched and twisted. The reverse colour of colonies was brownish-yellow. Non-motile, wrinkled arthrospores were produced directly on the substrate mycelium. Aerial mycelium and sporangia were not observed. A neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate formed a distinct clade within the radiation of the family Thermomonosporaceae. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity was found with the type strain of Spirillospora rubra (97.3 % sequence similarity) followed by those of Actinoallomurus purpureus (97.0 %), Actinomadura alba (96.5 %), Actinomadura fibrosa (96.5 %) and Actinomadura echinospora (96.4 %). The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, glucose, ribose, xylose and arabinose. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H6) and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and 10-methyl C17 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 71.8 mol%. The combination of morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data clearly supports the separation of the organism from recognized species of the genus Actinomadura and related genera. On the basis of the data presented here, strain R-Ac121T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura scrupuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain R-Ac121T (=KCTC 19488T =DSM 45225T).
FelsensteinJ.1993phylip (phylogeny inference package), version 3.51c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington; Seattle, USA:
HoltJ. G.,
KriegN. R.,
SneathP. H. A.,
StanleyJ. T.,
WilliamsS. T.1994In Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th edn. pp 690–691 Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
HopwoodD. A.,
BibbM. J.,
ChaterK. F.,
KieserT.,
BrutonC. J.,
KieserH. M.,
LydiateD. J.,
SmithC. P.,
WardJ. M.,
SchrempfH.1985; Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: a Laboratory Manual. Norwich: : John Innes Foundation
JukesT. H.,
CantorC. R.1969; Evolution of protein molecules. In Mammalian Protein Metabolismvol 3 pp 21–132 Edited by
MunroH. N.
New York: Academic Press;
KroppenstedtR. M.1985; Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics pp 173–199 Edited by
GoodfellowM.,
MinnikinD. E.
London: Academic Press;
KroppenstedtR. M.1987; Chemische Untersuchungen an Actinomycetales und verwandten Taxa, Korrelation von Chemosystematik und Phylogenie
. Habilitationsschrift, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany (in German)
LechevalierM. P.,
GerberN. N.1970; The identity of madurose with 3- O -methyl-d-galactose. Carbohydr Res 13:451–454[CrossRef]
LechevalierM. P.,
LechevalierH. A.1970; Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 20:435–443[CrossRef]
MesbahM.,
PremachandranU.,
WhitmanW. B.1989; Precise measurement of the G+C content of deoxyribonucleic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39:159–167[CrossRef]
MinnikinD. E.,
AlshamaonyL.,
GoodfellowM.1975; Differentiation of Mycobacterium , Nocardia , and related taxa by thin layer chromatographic analysis of whole-cell methanolysates. J Gen Microbiol 88:200–204[CrossRef]
MiyadohS.,
MiyaraT.2001; Family Thermomonosporaceae
. In Identification Manual of Actinomycetes pp 281–291Edited by the Society for Actinomycetes Tokyo: Business Center for Academic Societies;
MiyadohS.,
AmanoS.,
TohyamaH.,
ShomuraT.1990; A taxonomic review of the genus Microbispora and a proposal to transfer two species to the genus Actinomadura and to combine ten species into Microbispora rosea
. J Gen Microbiol 136:1905–1913[CrossRef]
NonomuraH.,
OharaY.1969; Distribution of the actinomycetes in soil. VI. A culture method effective for both preferential isolation and enumeration of Microbispora and Streptosporangium strains in soil Part 1. J Ferment Technol 38:405–409
SaddlerG. S.,
TavecchiaP.,
LociuroS.,
ZanolM.,
ColomboL.,
SelvaE.1991; Analysis of madurose and other actinomycete whole cell sugars by gas chromatography. J Microbiol Methods 14:185–191[CrossRef]
ThompsonJ. D.,
GibsonT. J.,
PlewniakF.,
JeanmouginF.,
HigginsD. G.1997; The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882[CrossRef]
TrujilloM. E.,
GoodfellowM.2003; Numerical phenetic classification of clinically significant aerobic sporoactinomycetes and related organisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 84:39–68[CrossRef]
VobisG.,
KotheH.-W.1989; Genus Spirillospora Couch 1963, 61AL
. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriologyvol 4 pp 2543–2545 Edited by
WilliamsS. T.,
SharpeM. E.,
HoltJ. G.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
WinkJ.2001The Actinomycetales. An Order in the Class of Actinobacteria Important to the Pharmaceutical Industry – Electronic Manual . CD-ROM Frankfurt: Aventis Pharma;
ZhangZ.,
KudoT.,
NakajimaY.,
WangY.2001; Clarification of the relationship between the members of the family Thermomonosporaceae on the basis of 16S rDNA, 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer and 23S rDNA sequences and chemotaxonomic analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:373–383