%0 Journal Article %A Ali, Zahid %A Cousin, Sylvie %A Frühling, Anja %A Brambilla, Evelyne %A Schumann, Peter %A Yang, Yun %A Stackebrandt, Erko %T Flavobacterium rivuli sp. nov., Flavobacterium subsaxonicum sp. nov., Flavobacterium swingsii sp. nov. and Flavobacterium reichenbachii sp. nov., isolated from a hard water rivulet %D 2009 %J International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, %V 59 %N 10 %P 2610-2617 %@ 1466-5034 %R https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.008771-0 %K NJ, Neighbour-joining %K MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight %K ML, maximum-likelihood %I Microbiology Society, %X Strains WB 3.3-2T, WB 3.2-61T, WB 4.1-42T and WB 2.3-68T were isolated from the Westerhöfer Bach hard water rivulet, North Germany. The strains were Gram-staining-negative and catalase-, aminopeptidase- and oxidase-positive. The novel strains lacked flagella and only strain WB3.2-61T showed gliding motility. Isolates WB 3.2-61T, WB 4.1-42T and WB 2.3-68T produced flexirubin pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel strains showed <98.2 % similarity to the type strains of all recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium. Strains WB 3.3-2T and WB 4.1-42T shared 96.3 % sequence similarity and were only distantly related to the type strains of all of the members of the genus Flavobacterium. Strain WB 3.2-61T branched adjacent to Flavobacterium limicola DSM 15094T (98.0 %), while strain WB 2.3-68T was a neighbour of Flavobacterium psychrophilum DSM 3660T (97.1 %). On R2A medium, iso-C15 : 0 was the common major fatty acid; fatty acids C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 1 ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) occurred in all strains though sometimes in low amounts. Metabolic properties revealed clear differences between the four isolates as well as between the isolates and their nearest phylogenetic neighbours. The lack of close relatedness was confirmed by Riboprinter and MALDI-TOF analyses of cell extracts. On the basis of a high number of phenotypic differentiating properties and phylogenetic uniqueness, four novel Flavobacterium species are proposed with the following names: Flavobacterium rivuli (type strain WB 3.3-2T=DSM 21788T=CIP 109865T), Flavobacterium subsaxonicum (type strain WB 4.1-42T=DSM 21790T=CIP 109867T), Flavobacterium swingsii (type strain WB 2.3-68T=DSM 21789T=CIP 109868T) and Flavobacterium reichenbachii (type strain WB 3.2-61T=DSM 21791T=CIP 109866T). %U https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.008771-0