Two anaerobic, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rods, designated YIT 11840T and YIT 11841T, were isolated from human faeces. The organisms were catalase-negative, produced succinic and acetic acids as end products of glucose metabolism and had DNA G+C contents of approximately 48–49 mol%. Although the phenotypic characteristics of these two strains were very similar, analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that they are only distantly related (93.8 %), indicating that they represent two different species. A comparative sequence analysis revealed that these two species are members of the family ‘Prevotellaceae’ but are phylogenetically distant (<88 % sequence similarity) from the known genera belonging to this family, including Prevotella, Hallela and Xylanibacter. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis and physiological tests, strains YIT 11840T and YIT 11841T represent two novel species of a new genus, for which the names Paraprevotella clara gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain YIT 11840T =JCM 14859T =DSM 19731T), the type species, and Paraprevotella xylaniphila sp. nov. (type strain YIT 11841T =JCM 14860T =DSM 19681T) are proposed.
Chonan, O., Matsumoto, K. & Watanuki, M.(1995). Effect of galactooligosaccharides on calcium absorption and preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem59, 236–239.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Chun, J., Lee, J.-H., Jung, Y., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kim, B. K. & Lim, Y.-W.(2007). EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol57, 2259–2261.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Downes, J., Sutcliffe, I., Tanner, A. C. R. & Wade, W. G.(2005).Prevotella marshii sp. nov. and Prevotella baroniae sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol55, 1551–1555.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E. & Relman, D. A.(2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science308, 1635–1638.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Ezaki, T., Saidi, S. M., Liu, S. L., Hashimoto, Y., Yamamoto, H. & Yabuuchi, E.(1990). Rapid procedure to determine the DNA base composition from small amounts of gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett55, 127–130.
[Google Scholar]
Felsenstein, J.(1993).phylip (phylogeny inference package), version 3.5c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Gophna, U., Sommerfeld, K., Gophna, S., Doolittle, W. F. & Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S. J.(2006). Differences between tissue-associated intestinal microfloras of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Microbiol44, 4136–4141.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Hayashi, H., Sakamoto, M. & Benno, Y.(2002). Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culture-based methods. Microbiol Immunol46, 535–548.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Hayashi, H., Shibata, K., Sakamoto, M., Tomita, S. & Benno, Y.(2007).Prevotella copri sp. nov. and Prevotella stercorea sp. nov., isolated from human faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol57, 941–946.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Holdeman, L. V., Cato, E. P. & Moore, W. E. C.(1977).Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 4th edn. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Kassinen, A., Krogius-Kurikka, L., Mäkivuokko, H., Rinttilä, T., Paulin, L., Corander, J., Malinen, E., Apajalahti, J. & Palva, A.(2007). The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology133, 24–33.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Katsuta, A., Adachi, K., Matsuda, S., Shizuri, Y. & Kasai, K.(2005).Ferrimonas marina sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol55, 1851–1855.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Komagata, K. & Suzuki, K.(1987). Lipid and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol19, 161–207.
[Google Scholar]
Kuykendall, L. D., Roy, M. A., O'Neill, J. J. & Devine, T. E.(1988). Fatty acids, antibiotic resistance, and deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Int J Syst Bacteriol38, 358–361.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S. & Gordon, J. I.(2006). Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature444, 1022–1023.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Li, M., Wang, B., Zhang, M., Rantalainen, M., Wang, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Shen, J., Pang, X. & other authors(2008). Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A105, 2117–2122.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Mai, V., Greenwald, B., Morris, J. G., Jr, Raufman, J. P. & Stine, O. C.(2006). Effect of bowel preparation and colonoscopy on post-procedure intestinal microbiota composition. Gut55, 1822–1823.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Miller, L. T.(1982). Single derivatization method for routine analysis of bacterial whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters, including hydroxy acids. J Clin Microbiol16, 584–586.
[Google Scholar]
Morotomi, M., Nagai, F., Sakon, H. & Tanaka, R.(2008).Dialister succinatiphilus sp. nov. and Barnesiella intestinihominis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 2716–2720.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Nagai, F., Morotomi, M., Sakon, H. & Tanaka, R.(2009).Parasutterella excrementihominis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Alcaligenaceae isolated from human faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 1793–1797.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Page, R. D. M.(1996). TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci12, 357–358.
[Google Scholar]
Pearson, W. R. & Lipman, D. J.(1985). Rapid and sensitive protein similarity searches. Science227, 1435–1441.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Rajilić-Stojanović, M., Smidt, H. & de Vos, W. M.(2007). Diversity of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Environ Microbiol9, 2125–2136.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Saitou, N. & Nei, M.(1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol4, 406–425.
[Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M., Suzuki, M., Huang, Y., Umeda, M., Ishikawa, I. & Benno, Y.(2004).Prevotella shahii sp. nov. and Prevotella salivae sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol54, 877–883.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M., Umeda, M. & Benno, Y.(2005). Molecular analysis of human oral microbiota. J Periodontal Res40, 277–285.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Sakon, H., Nagai, F., Morotomi, M. & Tanaka, R.(2008).Sutterella parvirubra sp. nov. and Megamonas funiformis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 970–975.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S.(2007).mega4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (mega) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol24, 1596–1599.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G.(1997). The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res25, 4876–4882.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Wang, X., Heazlewood, S. P., Krause, D. O. & Florin, T. H.(2003). Molecular characterization of the microbial species that colonize human ileal and colonic mucosa by using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. J Appl Microbiol95, 508–520.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Watabe, J., Benno, Y. & Mitsuoka, T.(1983). Taxonomic study of Bacteroides oralis and related organisms and proposal of Bacteroides veroralis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol33, 57–64.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Willems, A. & Collins, M. D.(1995). 16S rRNA gene similarities indicate that Hallella seregens (Moore and Moore) and Mitsuokella dentalis (Haapsalo et al.) are genealogically highly related and are members of the genus Prevotella: emended description of the genus Prevotella (Shah and Collins) and description of Prevotella dentalis comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol45, 832–836.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]